Statistical Principles Flashcards
What is ‘x’
The numerical value of an observation
what is ‘n’
Number of sampling units in a sample
what is ‘x bar’
sample mean
what is ‘s’
sample standard deviation
what is ‘P’
probability
what is ‘H0’
null hypothesis
what is ‘H1’
alternative to a null hypothesis
what does ‘Descriptive Statistics’ do?
- Organise
- Summarise
- Simplify
- Describe and present data
what does ‘Inferential Statistics’ do?
- Generalise from samples to populations
- Hypothesis testing
- Make predictions
what is the lowest level of information?
Nominal
what is the 3rd best level of information?
Ordinal
what is the 2nd best level of information?
Interval
what is the highest level of information?
Ratio
what is nominal level data?
- Classification
- Does no more than identify categories (names/classification)
- Team position/ Ethnicity/ Marital status
- Categories are mutually exclusive
- The name of a category can be substituted by a number but it is simply a label with no numeric meaning
What is ordinal level data?
- Order
- Can still be classified but can also now be rank ordered
- The distance between ranks, it has no meaning
- Ranks can’t be manipulated mathematically
What is interval level data?
*Distance
- The distance between units has meaning, e.g. the distance between 70-80 is the same as 30-40
- But a value of zero does not indicate an absolute zero, meaning ratios don’t make any sense
- Score on IQ test of 40, is not 2 40’s.
What is ratio level data?
- Natural Origin
- Characteristics of all the other but now has a natural origin (includes an absolute zero)
- Age, weight, height
- Anything you can construct a meaningful fraction (or ratio)
What level of measurement is VO2max (ml.kg.min-1)?
Ratio
What level of measurement is Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE: scale 1-20)
Ordinal or interval
What level of measurement is Energy intake (calories)
Ratio
What level of measurement is Body Mass Index (kg.m-2)
Ratio
What level of measurement is Weight classification (healthy weight, obese)
Ordinal
What level of measurement is Profile of Mood States (POMS: scale 1-7)
Ordinal or interval
What level of measurement is Blood group
Nominal
what is ‘S2’
sample variance
what is ‘N’?
Number of sampling units in a population
what is capital sigma (backwards E thing)?
the sum of
what is ‘mu’ (the cross between a q and u)?
population mean
what is sigma (an o with a cap)?
population standard deviation
what is sigma squared (an o with a cap with a 2)?
population variance
What is the mean?
The mean is the average or norm
Whats is the median?
The median is the middle value
What is the mode?
The mode is the most frequent value
What is the range?
The range is the difference between the lowest and the highest value
What is variation from the mean?
x - xbar
e.g. if the x value is 79
and xbar is 69.65
the variation from the mean is 9.35
