Statistical Methods

Question 1

• data
• statistical methods
• art
• science
• can neither prove nor disprove anything
• it is just a tool
• discipline concerned with the treatment of numerical data derived from group of individuals

Answer 1

Statistics

Question 2

• branch of statistics
• applied to biological or medical science

Answer 2

Biostatistics

Question 3

Biostatistics various steps

Answer 3

generation of hypothesis
collection of data
application of statistical analysis

Question 4

• know the data
• it’s distribution
• it’s analysis

Answer 4

Biostatistics

Question 5

In order to draw a valid conclusion

Answer 5

Biostatistics

Question 6

2 branches of Statistical Method

Answer 6

Descriptive Statistics
Inferential Statistics

Question 7

Distribution of population measurements by providing types of data, estimates of central tendency, measures of variability

Answer 7

Descriptive Statistics

Question 8

3 Types Central Tendency

Answer 8

mean, mode, median

Question 9

Two Types of Variability

Answer 9

standard deviation, correlation coefficient

Question 10

Used to express the level of certainly about estimates includes hypothesis testing, standard error of mean, confidence interval

Answer 10

Inferential statistics

Question 11

Three Types of Data

Answer 11

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval

Question 12

Observation recorded during research constitute

Answer 12

Data

Question 13

Simply assigned “names” or categories

Answer 13

Nominal Data

Question 14

Based on presence or absence of certain attributes/characteristics

Answer 14

Nominal Data

Question 15

Without any ranking between the categories

Answer 15

Nominal Data

Question 16

It also includes binomial data, which refers to two possible outcomes

Answer 16

Nominal Data

Question 17

Expressed as scores or ranks. Also called as ordered, categorical or graded data

Answer 17

Ordinal Data

Question 18

Characterized by equal and definite interval between 2 measurements

Answer 18

Interval Data

Question 19

Types of Interval Data

Answer 19

Continuous
Discrete

Question 20

Can take any value within a given range

Answer 20

Continuous Data

Question 21

Usually assigned integer values i.e does not have fractional values

Answer 21

Discrete Data

Question 22

Average, Common measure of central tendency, Most widely used in calculations of averages, Least affected by sampling fluctuations

Answer 22

Mean

Question 23

Middle value, Used for scores and ranks, Best indicator of Central Value

Answer 23

Median

Question 24

Most frequent value, the point of maximum concentration, Used when values are widely varying, Rarely used in medical studies

Answer 24

Mode

Question 25

Tells you on average how much any given observation is different from the mean

Answer 25

Standard Deviation

Question 26

It tells you on average how far each score lies from the mean

Answer 26

Standard Deviation

Question 27

In normal distributions, a standard deviation means that values are generally far from the mean

Answer 27

High Standard Deviation

Question 28

In normal distributions, a standard deviation indicates that value are clustered close to the mean

Answer 28

Low Standard w

Question 29

Describes the Variability of observation about the mean Describes the _____ of the population Measures the ______ of a data distribution Measures the _______ between each data point and the mean

Answer 29

Standard Deviation Scatter Spread Typical Distance

Question 30

To calculate SD, we need it square called

Answer 30

Variance

Question 31

The average square deviation around the mean

Answer 31

Variance

Question 32

We divide by the number of data points

Answer 32

N

Question 33

We divide by one fewer than the number of data points

Answer 33

N-1

Question 34

Measure the degree of linear relationship between two continuous variables

Answer 34

Correlation Coefficient

Question 35

To understand whether one data (such as a person's weight) can help predict another data variable (such as the same person's blood pressure) via a linear relationship

Answer 35

Correlation Coefficient

Question 36

To assess the strength of associations between data variables

Answer 36

Correlation Coefficient

Question 37

A correlation coefficient is a number between

Answer 37

-1 and 1

Question 38

Tells you the strength and direction of a relationship between variables. It reflects how similar the measurements of two or more variables are across a dataset

Answer 38

Correlation Coefficient

Question 39

Can provide insights into complex real-world relationship. Helping researchers develop theories and make predictions

Answer 39

Correlation research

Question 40

The maximum value of 1 is obtained if there is a straight line is scatter plot and considered as perfect

Answer 40

Positive correlation

Question 41

The association is _____ if the the values of x-axis and y-axis tend to be high or low together

Answer 41

Positive

Question 42

The association is ______ ie. -1 if the high y-axis values tends to go with low values of x-axis

Answer 42

Negative

Question 43

Every positive increase in one variable, there is a proportional positive increase in the other variable. For instance, belt size increase almost perfectly in correlation with waist size

Answer 43

1 = Strong Positive Linear Relationship

Question 44

Every positive increase in one variable, there is a proportional negative decrease in other variable

Answer 44

-1 = Strong Negative Linear Relationship

Question 45

No linear relationship between the variables

Answer 45

0

Question 46

The absolute value of the correlation coefficient represents the _______ of the relationship

Answer 46

Strength

Question 47

A larger absolute value indicates a stronger relationship, stronger is the _______

Answer 47

association

Question 48

|-.75| =.75, has a stronger relationship than

Answer 48

.65

Question 49

A _______ correlation depends on the discipline

Answer 49

meaning

Question 50

Physics correlation coefficient should be between

Answer 50

-0.95 and 0.95

Question 51

Social sciences a correlation coefficient should be results between _______ are meaningful

Answer 51

-0.6 and 0.6

Question 52

Correlation between the two variable does ____ necessarily suggest the _____ and _____ relationship

Answer 52

Not Cause Effect

Question 53

While performing (Correlation) these tests, it requires _____ to be normally distributed. It is generally used to form hypothesis and to suggest areas of future research

Answer 53

x and y variables

Question 54

There a several types of correlation coefficient, but most popular is

Answer 54

Pearson's

Question 55

A correlation coefficient commonly used in linear regression

Answer 55

Pearson's R