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Biostatistics and Epidemiology > Statistical Methods > Flashcards

Statistical Methods Flashcards

1
Q

• data
• statistical methods
• art
• science
• can neither prove nor disprove anything
• it is just a tool
• discipline concerned with the treatment of numerical data derived from group of individuals

A

Statistics

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2
Q

• branch of statistics
• applied to biological or medical science

A

Biostatistics

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3
Q

Biostatistics various steps

A

generation of hypothesis
collection of data
application of statistical analysis

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4
Q

• know the data
• it’s distribution
• it’s analysis

A

Biostatistics

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5
Q

In order to draw a valid conclusion

A

Biostatistics

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6
Q

2 branches of Statistical Method

A

Descriptive Statistics
Inferential Statistics

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7
Q

Distribution of population measurements by providing types of data, estimates of central tendency, measures of variability

A

Descriptive Statistics

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8
Q

3 Types Central Tendency

A

mean, mode, median

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9
Q

Two Types of Variability

A

standard deviation, correlation coefficient

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10
Q

Used to express the level of certainly about estimates includes hypothesis testing, standard error of mean, confidence interval

A

Inferential statistics

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11
Q

Three Types of Data

A

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval

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12
Q

Observation recorded during research constitute

A

Data

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13
Q

Simply assigned “names” or categories

A

Nominal Data

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14
Q

Based on presence or absence of certain attributes/characteristics

A

Nominal Data

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15
Q

Without any ranking between the categories

A

Nominal Data

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16
Q

It also includes binomial data, which refers to two possible outcomes

A

Nominal Data

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17
Q

Expressed as scores or ranks. Also called as ordered, categorical or graded data

A

Ordinal Data

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18
Q

Characterized by equal and definite interval between 2 measurements

A

Interval Data

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19
Q

Types of Interval Data

A

Continuous
Discrete

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20
Q

Can take any value within a given range

A

Continuous Data

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21
Q

Usually assigned integer values i.e does not have fractional values

A

Discrete Data

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22
Q

Average, Common measure of central tendency, Most widely used in calculations of averages, Least affected by sampling fluctuations

A

Mean

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23
Q

Middle value, Used for scores and ranks, Best indicator of Central Value

A

Median

24
Q

Most frequent value, the point of maximum concentration, Used when values are widely varying, Rarely used in medical studies

A

Mode

25
Q

Tells you on average how much any given observation is different from the mean

A

Standard Deviation

26
Q

It tells you on average how far each score lies from the mean

A

Standard Deviation

27
Q

In normal distributions, a standard deviation means that values are generally far from the mean

A

High Standard Deviation

28
Q

In normal distributions, a standard deviation indicates that value are clustered close to the mean

A

Low Standard w

29
Q

Describes the Variability of observation about the mean
Describes the _____ of the population
Measures the ______ of a data distribution
Measures the _______ between each data point and the mean

A

Standard Deviation
Scatter
Spread
Typical Distance

30
Q

To calculate SD, we need it square called

A

Variance

31
Q

The average square deviation around the mean

A

Variance

32
Q

We divide by the number of data points

A

N

33
Q

We divide by one fewer than the number of data points

A

N-1

34
Q

Measure the degree of linear relationship between two continuous variables

A

Correlation Coefficient

35
Q

To understand whether one data (such as a person’s weight) can help predict another data variable (such as the same person’s blood pressure) via a linear relationship

A

Correlation Coefficient

36
Q

To assess the strength of associations between data variables

A

Correlation Coefficient

37
Q

A correlation coefficient is a number between

A

-1 and 1

38
Q

Tells you the strength and direction of a relationship between variables. It reflects how similar the measurements of two or more variables are across a dataset

A

Correlation Coefficient

39
Q

Can provide insights into complex real-world relationship. Helping researchers develop theories and make predictions

A

Correlation research

40
Q

The maximum value of 1 is obtained if there is a straight line is scatter plot and considered as perfect

A

Positive correlation

41
Q

The association is _____ if the the values of x-axis and y-axis tend to be high or low together

A

Positive

42
Q

The association is ______ ie. -1 if the high y-axis values tends to go with low values of x-axis

A

Negative

43
Q

Every positive increase in one variable, there is a proportional positive increase in the other variable. For instance, belt size increase almost perfectly in correlation with waist size

A

1 = Strong Positive Linear Relationship

44
Q

Every positive increase in one variable, there is a proportional negative decrease in other variable

A

-1 = Strong Negative Linear Relationship

45
Q

No linear relationship between the variables

A

0

46
Q

The absolute value of the correlation coefficient represents the _______ of the relationship

A

Strength

47
Q

A larger absolute value indicates a stronger relationship, stronger is the _______

A

association

48
Q

|-.75| =.75, has a stronger relationship than

A

.65

49
Q

A _______ correlation depends on the discipline

A

meaning

50
Q

Physics correlation coefficient should be between

A

-0.95 and 0.95

51
Q

Social sciences a correlation coefficient should be results between _______ are meaningful

A

-0.6 and 0.6

52
Q

Correlation between the two variable does ____ necessarily suggest the _____ and _____ relationship

A

Not
Cause
Effect

53
Q

While performing (Correlation) these tests, it requires _____ to be normally distributed. It is generally used to form hypothesis and to suggest areas of future research

A

x and y variables

54
Q

There a several types of correlation coefficient, but most popular is

A

Pearson’s

55
Q

A correlation coefficient commonly used in linear regression

A

Pearson’s R

Biostatistics and Epidemiology (3 decks)

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