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Data and Statistics > Statistical Description of Risk > Flashcards

Statistical Description of Risk Flashcards

1
Q

What does risk mean?

A

The probability of something occurring in a sample (group) or population.

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2
Q

What are the 2 main types of risk?

A

Absolute

Relative

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3
Q

What does absolute risk mean?

A

This is the probability of an event occurring = events / number of people in sample or population.

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4
Q

What does relative risk mean?

A

This is the probability of an event occurring in one group compared to another = absolute risk 1 / absolute risk 2.

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5
Q

What does odds mean?

A

This is the chance of an event occurring compared to it not occurring in one sample or population.

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6
Q

What does odds ratio mean?

A

Comparison of odds of an event occurring between groups.

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7
Q

What 2 main categories do we use risks and odds for?

A

Observational Studies

Randomised Controlled Trials

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8
Q

What is considered under observational studies?

A

Cohort Studies
EG: Exposure = Smoker or non smoker
Outcome = Lung Cancer or not

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9
Q

What is considered under randomised controlled trials?

A 
Exposure = Trial Drug or Placebo 
Outcome = Event or No event
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10
Q

How do you calculate the absolute risk?

A

Number of events (good // bad) divided by the number of people in that group.

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11
Q

How are absolute risks expressed?

A

They are expressed as percentages.

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12
Q

How do you calculate odds?

A

Number of events divided by the number of non - events.

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13
Q

How are odds expressed?

A

They are expressed as decimals or simple fractions.

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14
Q

How do you calculate the relative risk?

A

Absolute risk for Group 1 / Absolute risk for Group 2.

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15
Q

How do you calculate the odds ratio?

A

They are expressed as Odds for Group 1 / Odds for Group 2.

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16
Q

What are confidence intervals?

A

A range of values for a parameter that is likely to encompass the true population value for that parameter.

17
Q

What is the definition of a confidence level?

A

Probability that the confidence interval encompasses the true population value.

18
Q

What is the confidence level set at?

A

95%

19
Q

How is confidence interval estimated?

A

Calculated from the sample estimates.

20
Q

What does a p value of <0.05 mean?

A

Reject the null hypothesis.

21
Q

What are the 2 values in confidence levels known as?

A

Lower Limit

Upper Limit

22
Q

What happens when the confidence level does NOT include 1?

A

Relative risk is significantly lower.

23
Q

What is the Z score?

A

Describes how many standard deviations an individual value or sample mean is from the population mean.

Data and Statistics (13 decks)

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