Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PACES - Final Week Revision > Station 5 > Flashcards

Station 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis antibodies (2)

A

Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP)
Rheumatoid factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Criteria to diagnose Psoriatic arthropathy

A

CASPAR criteria:
Axial or peripheral arthritis
Enthesitis
Psoriasis
Nail dystrophy
Dactylitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

CN 7 palsy symptoms

A

Slurred speech
Dribble/Dry eye/mouth
Taste
Tinnitus
Pain in face/ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bell’s Palsy management

A

Resolves in up to 6 months
Weaning steroids for 10 days starting at 50mg OD
Eye protection patch + drops
Facial massage leaflet
10% it might happen again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

CREST Syndrome

A

Calcinosis
Raynaud’s phenomenon
Esophageal dysmotility
Sclerodactily
Telangiectasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Difference between Homocysteinuria and Marfan’s?

A

Autosomal recessive
No aortic disease
Recurrent DVTs and PEs
Upwards lens dislocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Causes of Addison’s disease

A

Autoimmune (with vitiligo, IDDM)
Tuberculosis
HIV/AIDS
Secondary hypoadrenalism - pituitary tumours
Tertiary hypoadrenalism - Steroid medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Autoimmune adrenalitis antibody

A

Anti 21-hydroxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Causes of hypertension in young patient

A

1) Cushing – acromegaly – Obesity (metabolic syndrome)
2) Medications induced (STEROIDS)
3) Renal : ADCKD – RAS – GN
4) Suprarenal: Conns – Liddles – pheochromocytoma (remember MEN-2 or neurofibromatosis)
5) Essential HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Polycythaemia Rubra Vera exam

A

Hepatomegaly/hepatosplenomegaly
Venepunctures
Goût

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Behçet’s disease

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sheehan syndrome

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Addison’s disease - hx and exam

A

Nausea, vomiting
Salty food craving
Postural symptoms
Tanned skin (due to high ACTH)
Weight loss, fatigue, Impact on life
Autoimmune diseases inc family hx

Hand palmar creases
Postural BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Addison’s disease

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Myasthenia Gravis history and exam

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum - features mnemonic

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Symptoms of Carcinoid Syndrome

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Antibodies in Myasthenia Gravis

A

Anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR)
Anti-muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) antibodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia

A

Telangiectasia on the lips/tongue/limbs
Bruits from AVMs in lower lungs and liver
BG of anaemia, epistaxis, GI bleed, haematemesis, headaches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Blue sclerae
Hearing aids
Joint hyper mobility
Scoliosis
Aortic regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Neurofibromatosis type 1 mnemonic

A

Café au lait patches
Axillary
Freckles
Eye nodules (Lisch)
Scoliosis & Seizures
Phaemochromocytoma
Optic nerve tumours
Tumour of the kidney (nephroblastoma)
Short stature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Neurofibromatosis type 2 features (5)

A

Bilateral vestibular schwanomas
Méningiomas
Cataracts
Retinal hamartomas
<6 café au lait spots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Tuberous Sclerosis examination (3) and four associated conditions

A

Ash-leaf macule
Shagreen patches
Adenoma sebaceum

Epilepsy, learning disability
Benign tumours in brain and kidneys
Cysts on liver/kidney/pancreas
Sporadic or Autosomal dominant TSC1 and TSC2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis antibody

A

Anti-Jo1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Dermatomyositis antibody

A

Anti-Mi2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

MEN 1a syndrome

A

Parathyroidism
Pituitary adenoma
Pancreatic islet cell tumours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

MEN 2a syndrome

A

Medullary thyroid cancer
Hyperparathyroidism
Phaeochromocytoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Allport syndrome

A

Sensorineural deafness
AAA
Haematuria & renal cysts
X-linked dominant disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Polyarteritis Nodosa

A

Associated with hepatitis B
Testicular pain
Joint pain
Livedo reticularis
Mononeuritis multiplex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Hypercoagulable state

A

(Risk factors for PEs)
Drugs (COCP)
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Malignancy
Nephrotic syndrome
Pregnancy
Lymphoproliferative disorders
Polycythaemia rubra vera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Erythema Nodosum

A

Sarcoidosis (Lofgren syndrome)
Idiopathic / Inflam bowel disease
Group A haemolytic strep
HIV
Tuberculosis
Pregnancy
Drugs (COCOP, abx)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Lofgren syndrome

A

Sarcoidosis
Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy
Uveitis
Erythema Nodosum
Fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Livedo Reticularis

A

Anti-phospholipid syndrome
SLE
Hepatitis C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Systemic Sclerosis

A

Calcinosis
Raynaud’s phenomenon
Esophageal dysmotility
Sclerodactyly
Telangiectasia
Arthritis with myopathy
Interstitial lung disease or pulmonary artery hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Seronegative spondarthritides

A

‘PEAR’:
- Psoriatic arthritis
- Enteropathic arthritis
- Ankylosing spondylitis
- Reactive arthritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Autoimmune questions

A
  • morning joint stiffness
  • back/pelvic pain
  • rash, photosensitivity, nodules, oral ulcers
  • dry eyes, dry mouth
  • Raynaud’s phenomenon
  • dysphagia, heartburn
  • lung involvement
  • haematuria, bowel habits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Acromegaly symptoms

A

Headaches
Bitemporal hemianopia
Galactorrhoea, menstrual changes
Increase in hand & shoe size
Change of appearance
Diabetes/polyuria/polydipsia
Excessive sweating
Carpal tunnel syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Acromegaly examination findings

A

Prognathism
Prominent supraorbital ridge, Large tongue
Bitemporal Hemianopia, CN3 palsy
Tinel & Phallen’s signs for carpal tunnel

39
Q

Causes of Acromegaly

A

Pituitary adenoma secreting growth hormone (can be part of MEN1)
Ectopic growth hormone secretion from tumour

40
Q

Investigations for Acromegaly

A

IGF1 level
Oral glucose tolerance test for GH supp
Hormone profile
MRI brain +/- body

41
Q

Management of acromegaly

A

Transphenoidal surgery
May consider radiotherapy and octreotide
Treatment of complications (OSA, DM, carpal tunnel)
Colonoscopy every three years

42
Q

Complications of Acromegaly (4)

A

Hypertension
Diabetes
Sleep apnoea
Heart failure

43
Q

Causes of hyperthyroidism

A

Grave’s disease (TSH receptor Ig)
Multinodular goitre
Thyroiditis

44
Q

Causes of hypothyroidism (3)

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Iatrogenic (post-surgery, lithium)
Iodine deficiency

45
Q

Addison’s disease investigations

A

Short Synacthen test - synacthen causes rise in ACTH level
Hyponatraema, hyperkalaemia
Renin-aldosterone ratio

46
Q

Extra-articular manifestations of Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Scleritis, episcleritis
Pleural effusions / pulm effusion
Pericarditis
Splenomegaly (Felty’s syndrome)
Glomerulonephritis

47
Q

Methotrexate (3 facts)

A

Inhibits purine metabolism
Always prescribe folate supplements
Risk of myelosuppression and liver impairment

48
Q

Ehler-Danlos disease types

A

Hyper mobile joints type
Velvety skin type
Vascular type

Defect in collagen genes

49
Q

Polycythaemia rubra Vera symptoms and blood results

A

Hypertension
DVTs, strokes
High WCC and platelets
Haematocrit >55%
JAK2 mutation

50
Q

Thyroid exam

A

Sweaty hands with thyroid acropachy
Irregular pulse
Exophthalmos, peri-orbital swelling
Visual acuity and ocular movements
Neck - observe, goitre, swallowing, percussion sternum, feel lymphadenopathy
Proximal myopathy
Pretibial myxoedema

51
Q

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

Sweaty hands & tremor
Tachycardia
Anxiety
Palpitations
Weight loss

52
Q

Side-effects of Carbimazole

A

Rash
Agranulocytosis
Hepatitis
Teratogenic

53
Q

Issues around radio-iodine therapy

A

4 weeks can’t be around pregnant women or kids
Worsening of eye disease
Avoid pregnancy four months

54
Q

Eye signs in Grave’s eye disease

A

Asymptomatic
Lif retraction
Proptosis
Ocular muscle involvement
Corneal involvement
Optic nerve damage
Treat with high dose steroids & ophthalmology & eye drops & stop smoking

55
Q

Causes of goitre

A

Idiopathic
Graves’ disease
Iodine deficiency
Pregnancy

56
Q

Causes of hypothyroidism

A

Iodine deficiency
Autoimmune thyroiditis
Pituitary failure
Lithium / Amiodarone

57
Q

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

Depression
Weight gain
Constipation

58
Q

Differentials loss of peripheral vision

A

Glaucoma
Retinitis pigmentosa
Retinal artery occlusion (vein is central)
CVA
Chiasmal lesion

59
Q

Intranuclear ophthalmoplegia

A

Medial longitudinal fasciculus lesion
Affected eye can’t adduct
Other eye nystagmus on looking that way

60
Q

Horizontal Diplopia

A

CN6 palsy

61
Q

Vertical diplopia

A

CN 3 or 4 palsy

62
Q

Ocular exam

A

Acuity
Fields + extinction
Reflex - accommodation + light
Ophthalmoscopy
Ocular movements inc diplopia

63
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis symptoms

A

Pain worse in mornings
Affecting pelvis
Plantar fasciitis, tendinitis, dactyliitis
Red eyes

Scored in Bath

64
Q

Ank spondylitis exam

A

ROM neck and spinous processes
Schobers test (5cm above dimples of Venus, 10cm below) —> positive if <5cm expansion
Red eyes
AR murmur
Power/sensation in legs

65
Q

Extra-articulate features of Ankylosing spondylitis

A

Atlantoxial dislocation causing cord compression
Anterior uveitis
Aortic regurgitation, arrhythmias
Fibrosis
IgA nephropathy

66
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis tests

A

Renal function
HLA-B27
XR lumbar spine and pelvic joints
ECG for cardiac problem
CXR for fibrosis

67
Q

Acromegaly complications

A

Diabetes
Hypertension
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Hypogonadism
OSA
Recital bleeding from polyps or kidney stones

68
Q

Acromegaly examination

A

Visual fields
Face - prom supraorbital ridge, prognathism, macroglossia
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Proximal myopathy
Neck circumference if OSA

69
Q

Acromegaly investigations

A

IGF-1 level
Oral glucose tolerance test (paradoxical rise)
MRI pituitary fossa
Formal visual fields
Hormone screen (ACTH, cortisol, TSH, LH, FSH, prolactin) + calcium for MEN1

70
Q

Cushing’s examination

A

Fingerprick glucose marks
Carpals tunnel
Facial plethora with hirsutism
Buffalo hump
Proximal myopathy

71
Q

Cushing syndrome causes

A

Steroid use
Pituitary adenoma secreting ACTH
Small cell lung cancer secreting ACTH
Adrenal adenoma/carcinoma

72
Q

Treatment of Cushing syndrome

A

Surgery
Octreotide, somatostatin
Optimise lifestyle

73
Q

Definition of osteoporosis

A

Bone density more than 2.5 standard deviation below the mean value for an adult the same gender and race

74
Q

Investigations that confirm Cushing syndrome

A

24h urinary cortisol
Low dose dex supp test

75
Q

Investigations that identify cause of Cushing syndrome

A

9am ACTH level
High dose dex supp —> of low urinary cortisol then pituitary adenoma

MRI pituitary fossa or CT CAP

76
Q

Pyoderma gangrenosum

A

Painful red/black ulcers

IBD
Autoimmune
Haematological malignancy
Hep C

77
Q

limited systemic sclerosis antibody

A

Anti centromère antibody

78
Q

Diffuse systemic sclerosis antibody and features

A

Anti-Scl70
Renal crisis
Interstitial lung disease
Pulmonary artery hypertension
Right heart failure

79
Q

Dermatomyositis exam

A

Gottron’s papules
Heliotropic rash on face
ILD, pulm hypertension
Reflux
Cardiac arrhythmias & myositis
Cancer association
Anti-Jo1

80
Q

Headache examination

A

Visual fields
Fundoscopy
Cranial nerves 3-4-6 and CN 7
Temporal tenderness
Nuchal rigidity
Power in arms/legs

81
Q

Reactive arthritis

A

Associated with salmonella, campylobacter, chlamydia

Triad: conjunctivitis + arthritis + urethritis
Can cause dactylitis

82
Q

AIDS-defining illnesses:

A

CD4 <200
PCP or mycobacterium avium
Oesophageal candidiasis
Chronic diarrhoea (from CMV)
Kaposi syndrome

83
Q

Marfan syndrome cause & manifestations

A

Autosomal dominant from fibrillin gene mutation (chrom 15)

Hugh arched palate
Longer arm span than tall height
Upward lens dislocation, blue sclera
Aortic root dilatation/regurgitation/MVP
Hypermobility with arachnodactily
Spontaneous pneumothorax, emphysema, Bronchiectasis

84
Q

Raynaud’s phenomenon associations (esp if has a digital ulcer)

A

Scleroderma
SLE
Rheumatoid arthritis
Dermatomyositis
Polymyositis

85
Q

Everything autosomal dominent except for:

A

Recessive:
Wilson’s disease (ATP7B gene)
Friedrich’s ataxia (frataxin gene)
Hereditary Haemochromatosis (HFE gene)

86
Q

Symptoms of Haemochromatosis

A

Arthralgia with synovitis
Diabetes
Cardiomyopathy
Bronze skin
Raised ferritin and transferrin
Screening of relatives

87
Q

Extra-articulas features of Ankylosing spondylitis

A

Anterior uveitis
Aortitis
Aortic regurgitation
Apical pulmonary fibrosis
Amyloidosis causing glomerulonephritis
Achilles tendon enthesitis

88
Q

Cause of Marfan syndrome

A

Autosomal dominant mutation causing a defect in Fibrillin-1

89
Q

Differential diagnoses acromegaly

A

Craniopharyngeoma
Hypothyroidism

90
Q

Pituitary function tests

A

9am cortisol
LH, FSH, testostérone, oestradiol
Thyroid function tests
Prolactin
Plasma and urinary sodium

91
Q

Characteristics of Raynaud’s phenomenon not seen in Raynaud’s disease (3)

A
  • Asymmetrical
  • dilated nail fold capillaries due to co-existing autoimmune disorder
  • digital ulcers
92
Q

Exacerbating factors for Raynaud’s phenomenon (3)

A

Cold
Drugs (bisoprolol, COCP)
Vibrating tools

93
Q

Drugs that cause drug-induced lupus (4)

A

Phenytoin
Isoniazid
Procainamide
Infliximab

94
Q

Differentials for vitiligo (2)

A

Pityriasis versicolor
Albinism

PACES - Final Week Revision (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions