States of matter and diffusion Flashcards
Describe the attractive forces in a gas
very low or negligible
What would you observe while a substance such as potassium permanganate (crystal) diffuses through water in a beaker
The darker more intense purple colour is found near the crystal at first. After some time the colour is more pale and uniform throughout the water.
Describe the attractive forces in a liquid
medium
Describe the relative energy of particles in a liquid
moderate
What state is water at 120°C?
gas
boiling point of water is 100°C
What is the name of the process shown in the image below?
What would you observe during this process?
Diffusion
Colour is now uniform throughout and more pale
Sarah sprayed some perfume in the corner of the room and Tony could smell it on the other side of the room about 3 minutes later.
What is the name of this process?
Diffusion
Name the change of state- gas to liquid
condensation
Describe the particle movement in a liquid
slipping past each other
What is the valency of a hydrogen ion?
H 1+
Explain why this happens?
Both the ammonia and hydrogen chloride particles diffuse across the tube
The ammonia particles are less massive and diffuse faster
The hydrogen chloride particles are more massive and diffuse more slowly
They meet closer to the hydrogen chloride side and form ammonium chloride- a white cloud forms.
Name the change of state- liquid to gas
evaporation
Why does a substance diffuse?
Many tiny invisible particles in the air collide with larger particles. These larger particles move through the air in a random motion from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
What state is water at -60 degrees Celsius
solid
Describe the particle arrangement of a liquid
irregular arrangement, close together
Describe the relative energy of particles in a solid
low
Name the change of state- solid to gas
sublimation
Describe the particle movement in a solid
vibrating in fixed positions
Describe the shape and volume of a solid
both definite shape and volume
What are the two possible iron ions?
Fe 2+ and Fe 3+
Name the change of state- gas to solid
deposition
A typical diffusion practical is set up in a long tube. A hydrogen chloride soaked cotton wool is placed in one end and an ammonia soaked cotton wool is placed in the other end. What would you observe is the experiment was carried out at a higher temperature?
The white cloud would form in the same position as before but would form more rapidly. At higher temperature the particles have more energy and travel at higher speeds. This means that the collisions between the air particles and the larger particles occur more frequently and they collide with more force. This makes them move more rapidly through the air or diffuse more quickly.
Propan-1-ol has a melting point of -126°C and a boiling point of 98°C.
What state is propan-1-ol at 99°C?
gaseous
it is beyond the boiling point.
Name the change of state- solid to liquid
melting
Describe the relative energy of particles is a gas
high
Describe the shape and volume of a liquid
indefinite shape, definite volume
2 cm3 of a solution of potassium permanganate was added to a 50 cm3 measuring cylinder and was topped up to the 50 cm3 mark with water.
What is the name of this process and what what we observe?
This is called dilution
Before the solution of potassium permanganate is a very dark purple colour. After time the diluted solution is more pale purple and uniform in colour.
Describe the shape and volume of a gas
both indefinite shape and volume
Which state of matter is shown below?
Liquid
Particles are in irregular arrangement but still close together.
What is diffusion?
Net movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration due to collisions by many smaller invisible particles.
Describe the attractive forces in a solid
strong
A larger particle will move continuously and randomly through a fluid such as air or water because of collisions with smaller air or water particles. What is this movement called?
Brownian motion
What is the kinetic theory of particles?
All matter is made of tiny, invisible. moving particles which are in constant movement and collide with particles.
Which state of matter is shown below?
Solid
particles are in regular arrangement
The boiling point of alcohol is 78 degrees Celsius. What state is alcohol at 79 degrees Celsius
gas
What state is water at 3 degrees Celsius
liquid
Which state matter is shown below?
gaseous
What are the two possible copper ions?
Cu 1+ and Cu 2+
Name the change of state- liquid to solid
solidification or freezing
Describe the particle movement in a gas
moving freely, randomly and fast
A typical diffusion practical is set up in a long tube. A hydrogen chloride soaked cotton wool is placed in one end and an ammonia soaked cotton wool is placed in the other end. What would you observe?
White cloud would form further from the ammonia end. Ammonia is a less massive particle and so would diffuse faster through the air. Hydrogen chloride is more massive and will diffuse more slowly. When they meet (nearer the hydrogen chloride end) they form solid ammonium chloride which is white.
Describe the particle arrangement of a solid
regular arrangement , close together
Phenol has a melting point of 43°C and a boiling point of 181°C
What state is it in at 10°C?
solid
it is below its melting point
What would this look like after about 30 minutes?
Uniform colour throughout and more pale
Describe the particle arrangement of a gas
far apart
