States of matter and diffusion

Question 1

Describe the particle arrangement of a solid

Answer 1

regular arrangement , close together

Question 2

Describe the particle arrangement of a liquid

Answer 2

irregular arrangement, close together

Question 3

Describe the particle arrangement of a gas

Answer 3

far apart

Question 4

Describe the particle movement in a solid

Answer 4

vibrating in fixed positions

Question 5

Describe the particle movement in a liquid

Answer 5

slipping past each other

Question 6

Describe the particle movement in a gas

Answer 6

moving freely, randomly and fast

Question 7

Describe the relative energy of particles is a gas

Answer 7

high

Question 8

Describe the relative energy of particles in a solid

Answer 8

low

Question 9

Describe the relative energy of particles in a liquid

Answer 9

moderate

Question 10

Describe the attractive forces in a solid

Answer 10

strong

Question 11

Describe the attractive forces in a liquid

Answer 11

medium

Question 12

Describe the attractive forces in a gas

Answer 12

very low or negligible

Question 13

Describe the shape and volume of a solid

Answer 13

both definite shape and volume

Question 14

Describe the shape and volume of a liquid

Answer 14

indefinite shape, definite volume

Question 15

Describe the shape and volume of a gas

Answer 15

both indefinite shape and volume

Question 16

What is the kinetic theory of particles?

Answer 16

All matter is made of tiny, invisible. moving particles which are in constant movement and collide with particles.

Question 17

Why does a substance diffuse?

Answer 17

Many tiny invisible particles in the air collide with larger particles. These larger particles move through the air in a random motion from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

Question 18

What is diffusion?

Answer 18

Net movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration due to collisions by many smaller invisible particles.

Question 19

What would you observe while a substance such as potassium permanganate (crystal) diffuses through water in a beaker

Answer 19

The darker more intense purple colour is found near the crystal at first. After some time the colour is more pale and uniform throughout the water.

Question 20

A typical diffusion practical is set up in a long tube. A hydrogen chloride soaked cotton wool is placed in one end and an ammonia soaked cotton wool is placed in the other end. What would you observe?

Answer 20

White cloud would form closer to the ammonia end. Ammonia is a less massive particle and so would diffuse faster through the air. Hydrogen chloride is more massive and will diffuse more slowly. When they meet they form solid ammonium chloride which is white.

Question 21

A typical diffusion practical is set up in a long tube. A hydrogen chloride soaked cotton wool is placed in one end and an ammonia soaked cotton wool is placed in the other end. What would you observe is the experiment was carried out at a higher temperature?

Answer 21

The white cloud would form in the same position as before but would form more rapidly. At higher temperature the particles have more energy and travel at higher speeds. This means that the collisions between the air particles and the larger particles occur more frequently and they collide with more force. This makes them move more rapidly through the air or diffuse more quickly.

Question 22

Name the change of state- solid to liquid

Answer 22

melting

Question 23

Name the change of state- liquid to solid

Answer 23

solidification or freezing

Question 24

Name the change of state- solid to gas

Answer 24

sublimation

Question 25

Name the change of state- gas to solid

Answer 25

deposition

Question 26

Name the change of state- liquid to gas

Answer 26

evaporation

Question 27

Name the change of state- gas to liquid

Answer 27

condensation

Question 28

What state is water at 3 degrees Celsius

Answer 28

liquid

Question 29

What state is water at 120 degrees Celsius

Answer 29

gas

Question 30

What state is water at -60 degrees Celsius

Answer 30

solid

Question 31

The boiling point of alcohol is 78 degrees Celsius. What state is alcohol at 79 degrees Celsius

Answer 31

gas

Question 32

What is the valency of the hydroxide ion

Answer 32

OH ^1-

Question 33

What is the valency of a carbonate ion

Answer 33

CO₃ ^2-

Question 34

What is the valency of a nitrate ion?

Answer 34

NO₃ ^1-

Question 35

What is the valency of a sulfate ion?

Answer 35

SO₄ ^2-

Question 36

What is the valency of an ammonium ion?

Answer 36

NH₄ ¹⁺

Question 37

What is the valency of a zinc ion?

Answer 37

Zn ²⁺

Question 38

What is the valency of a silver ion?

Answer 38

Ag ¹⁺

Question 39

What is the valency of a lead ion?

Answer 39

Pb ²⁺

Question 40

What are the two possible iron ions?

Answer 40

Fe ²⁺ and Fe ³⁺

Question 41

What are the two possible copper ions?

Answer 41

Cu ¹⁺ and Cu ²⁺

Question 42

What is the valency of a hydrogen ion?

Answer 42

H ¹⁺

Question 43

A larger particle will move continuously and randomly through a fluid such as air or water because of collisions with smaller air or water particles. What is this movement called?

Answer 43

Brownian motion

Question 44

2 cm³ of a solution of potassium permanganate was added to a 50 cm3 measuring cylinder and was topped up to the 50 cm3 mark with water.

What is the name of this process and what what we observe?

Answer 44

This is called dilution

Before the solution of potassium permanganate is a very dark purple colour. After time the diluted solution is more pale purple and uniform in colour.