States of matter and diffusion Flashcards
Describe the particle arrangement of a solid
regular arrangement , close together
Describe the particle arrangement of a liquid
irregular arrangement, close together
Describe the particle arrangement of a gas
far apart
Describe the particle movement in a solid
vibrating in fixed positions
Describe the particle movement in a liquid
slipping past each other
Describe the particle movement in a gas
moving freely, randomly and fast
Describe the relative energy of particles is a gas
high
Describe the relative energy of particles in a solid
low
Describe the relative energy of particles in a liquid
moderate
Describe the attractive forces in a solid
strong
Describe the attractive forces in a liquid
medium
Describe the attractive forces in a gas
very low or negligible
Describe the shape and volume of a solid
both definite shape and volume
Describe the shape and volume of a liquid
indefinite shape, definite volume
Describe the shape and volume of a gas
both indefinite shape and volume
What is the kinetic theory of particles?
All matter is made of tiny, invisible. moving particles which are in constant movement and collide with particles.
Why does a substance diffuse?
Many tiny invisible particles in the air collide with larger particles. These larger particles move through the air in a random motion from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
What is diffusion?
Net movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration due to collisions by many smaller invisible particles.
What would you observe while a substance such as potassium permanganate (crystal) diffuses through water in a beaker
The darker more intense purple colour is found near the crystal at first. After some time the colour is more pale and uniform throughout the water.
A typical diffusion practical is set up in a long tube. A hydrogen chloride soaked cotton wool is placed in one end and an ammonia soaked cotton wool is placed in the other end. What would you observe?
White cloud would form closer to the ammonia end. Ammonia is a less massive particle and so would diffuse faster through the air. Hydrogen chloride is more massive and will diffuse more slowly. When they meet they form solid ammonium chloride which is white.
A typical diffusion practical is set up in a long tube. A hydrogen chloride soaked cotton wool is placed in one end and an ammonia soaked cotton wool is placed in the other end. What would you observe is the experiment was carried out at a higher temperature?
The white cloud would form in the same position as before but would form more rapidly. At higher temperature the particles have more energy and travel at higher speeds. This means that the collisions between the air particles and the larger particles occur more frequently and they collide with more force. This makes them move more rapidly through the air or diffuse more quickly.
Name the change of state- solid to liquid
melting
Name the change of state- liquid to solid
solidification or freezing
Name the change of state- solid to gas
sublimation
Name the change of state- gas to solid
deposition
Name the change of state- liquid to gas
evaporation
Name the change of state- gas to liquid
condensation
What state is water at 3 degrees Celsius
liquid
What state is water at 120 degrees Celsius
gas
What state is water at -60 degrees Celsius
solid
The boiling point of alcohol is 78 degrees Celsius. What state is alcohol at 79 degrees Celsius
gas
What is the valency of the hydroxide ion
OH 1-
What is the valency of a carbonate ion
CO3 2-
What is the valency of a nitrate ion?
NO3 1-
What is the valency of a sulfate ion?
SO4 2-
What is the valency of an ammonium ion?
NH4 1+
What is the valency of a zinc ion?
Zn 2+
What is the valency of a silver ion?
Ag 1+
What is the valency of a lead ion?
Pb 2+
What are the two possible iron ions?
Fe 2+ and Fe 3+
What are the two possible copper ions?
Cu 1+ and Cu 2+
What is the valency of a hydrogen ion?
H 1+
A larger particle will move continuously and randomly through a fluid such as air or water because of collisions with smaller air or water particles. What is this movement called?
Brownian motion
2 cm3 of a solution of potassium permanganate was added to a 50 cm3 measuring cylinder and was topped up to the 50 cm3 mark with water.
What is the name of this process and what what we observe?
This is called dilution
Before the solution of potassium permanganate is a very dark purple colour. After time the diluted solution is more pale purple and uniform in colour.
