States of matter and diffusion Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the particle arrangement of a solid

A

regular arrangement , close together

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2
Q

Describe the particle arrangement of a liquid

A

irregular arrangement, close together

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3
Q

Describe the particle arrangement of a gas

A

far apart

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4
Q

Describe the particle movement in a solid

A

vibrating in fixed positions

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5
Q

Describe the particle movement in a liquid

A

slipping past each other

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6
Q

Describe the particle movement in a gas

A

moving freely, randomly and fast

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7
Q

Describe the relative energy of particles is a gas

A

high

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8
Q

Describe the relative energy of particles in a solid

A

low

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9
Q

Describe the relative energy of particles in a liquid

A

moderate

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10
Q

Describe the attractive forces in a solid

A

strong

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11
Q

Describe the attractive forces in a liquid

A

medium

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12
Q

Describe the attractive forces in a gas

A

very low or negligible

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13
Q

Describe the shape and volume of a solid

A

both definite shape and volume

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14
Q

Describe the shape and volume of a liquid

A

indefinite shape, definite volume

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15
Q

Describe the shape and volume of a gas

A

both indefinite shape and volume

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16
Q

What is the kinetic theory of particles?

A

All matter is made of tiny, invisible. moving particles which are in constant movement and collide with particles.

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17
Q

Why does a substance diffuse?

A

Many tiny invisible particles in the air collide with larger particles. These larger particles move through the air in a random motion from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

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18
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Net movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration due to collisions by many smaller invisible particles.

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19
Q

What would you observe while a substance such as potassium permanganate (crystal) diffuses through water in a beaker

A

The darker more intense purple colour is found near the crystal at first. After some time the colour is more pale and uniform throughout the water.

20
Q

A typical diffusion practical is set up in a long tube. A hydrogen chloride soaked cotton wool is placed in one end and an ammonia soaked cotton wool is placed in the other end. What would you observe?

A

White cloud would form closer to the ammonia end. Ammonia is a less massive particle and so would diffuse faster through the air. Hydrogen chloride is more massive and will diffuse more slowly. When they meet they form solid ammonium chloride which is white.

21
Q

A typical diffusion practical is set up in a long tube. A hydrogen chloride soaked cotton wool is placed in one end and an ammonia soaked cotton wool is placed in the other end. What would you observe is the experiment was carried out at a higher temperature?

A

The white cloud would form in the same position as before but would form more rapidly. At higher temperature the particles have more energy and travel at higher speeds. This means that the collisions between the air particles and the larger particles occur more frequently and they collide with more force. This makes them move more rapidly through the air or diffuse more quickly.

22
Q

Name the change of state- solid to liquid

A

melting

23
Q

Name the change of state- liquid to solid

A

solidification or freezing

24
Q

Name the change of state- solid to gas

A

sublimation

25
Q

Name the change of state- gas to solid

A

deposition

26
Q

Name the change of state- liquid to gas

A

evaporation

27
Q

Name the change of state- gas to liquid

A

condensation

28
Q

What state is water at 3 degrees Celsius

A

liquid

29
Q

What state is water at 120 degrees Celsius

A

gas

30
Q

What state is water at -60 degrees Celsius

A

solid

31
Q

The boiling point of alcohol is 78 degrees Celsius. What state is alcohol at 79 degrees Celsius

A

gas

32
Q

What is the valency of the hydroxide ion

A

OH 1-

33
Q

What is the valency of a carbonate ion

A

CO3 2-

34
Q

What is the valency of a nitrate ion?

A

NO3 1-

35
Q

What is the valency of a sulfate ion?

A

SO4 2-

36
Q

What is the valency of an ammonium ion?

A

NH4 1+

37
Q

What is the valency of a zinc ion?

A

Zn 2+

38
Q

What is the valency of a silver ion?

A

Ag 1+

39
Q

What is the valency of a lead ion?

A

Pb 2+

40
Q

What are the two possible iron ions?

A

Fe 2+ and Fe 3+

41
Q

What are the two possible copper ions?

A

Cu 1+ and Cu 2+

42
Q

What is the valency of a hydrogen ion?

A

H 1+

43
Q

A larger particle will move continuously and randomly through a fluid such as air or water because of collisions with smaller air or water particles. What is this movement called?

A

Brownian motion

44
Q

2 cm3 of a solution of potassium permanganate was added to a 50 cm3 measuring cylinder and was topped up to the 50 cm3 mark with water.

What is the name of this process and what what we observe?

A

This is called dilution

Before the solution of potassium permanganate is a very dark purple colour. After time the diluted solution is more pale purple and uniform in colour.

45
Q
A