States Of Matter Flashcards
What structure does a solid have?
Regular lattice structure (fixed position)
What holds the particles of a solid close together?
Strong forces of attraction
Solids have a …
Definite shape and volume
Particles cannot move around in a solid but can …
Move around
Vibrate backwards and forwards
When happens if your heat the particles of a solid?
They vibrate more which weakens the forces between them
What happens if the temp reaches the solid’s melting point?
The particles have enough energy to break free of their bonds
Solid —> liquid
What is the structure in a liquid?
Particles are close together but can move
Arranged randomly
Forces in a liquid
Weak forces of attraction - free to move
—> fairly compact (usually stick together)
Liquids have a …
Definite volume but can change shape
—> flow to fit a container
What happens if you heat a liquid?
The particles gain more energy and they will move around faster which weakens the forces holding them together
What happens if the temp reaches the liquid’s boiling point?
The particles have enough energy to break the bonds holding them close together
Liquid —> gas
What structure does a gas have?
Free to move around
Forces in a gas
Very weak forces of attraction
Gases don’t keep a …
Definite shape or volume
—> always fill a container as they spread out as much as possible
Gases are constantly …
Moving with random motion
But they travel in straight lines
What happens if you heat a gas?
The particles get more energy and travel faster
—> gas will expand if the container is expandable
—> if in a fixed container, the pressure will increase
What happens if you cool a gas down?
The particles won’t have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction
—> bonds will start to form between the particles
—> condensing the gas into a liquid
What happens if you cool down a liquid?
The particles won’t have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction
—> even more bonds form, fixing the particles in place
—> freezing the liquid into a solid
The particles won’t have enough
Solid —> liquid
Melting
Liquid —> gas
Boiling/evaporatinf
Gas —> liquid
Condensing
Liquid —> solid
Freezing
Solid —> gas
Sublimation
What temperature does ice melt at?
0 degrees celsius
What temperature does water boil at?
100 degrees celsius
What temperature does steam condense at?
100 degrees celsius
Gas —> solid
Deposition
What temperature does water freeze at?
0 degrees celsius
Decreasing temperature means the particles …
Lose energy
List the three states of matter in increasing order of particle energy
Solid, liquid, gas
Increasing temperature means the particles …
Gain energy
List the three states of matter in increasing order of density
Gas, liquid, solid
Why is the particle model perfect?
Particles aren’t: solid, inelastic or spheres
—> instead they are: atoms, ions or molecules
Doesn’t include details of the forces between particles
—> e.g. doesn’t consider how strong they are or how many of them there are
What is diffusion?
The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
—> happens because particles move around randomly, so overtime will spread out
What does diffusion only occur in?
Liquids and gases
(The particles in solids are unable to move)
Diffusion of bromine gas in air
Quickly diffuses from the bottom tube into the top tube and at the end will be evenly distributed
Diffusion and reaction of hydrogen chloride and ammonia (step reaction)
1) both evaporate into gases and begin diffusing along the glass tube towards each other
2) when they meet, they’ll react together to form a white ring of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)
Why does the ring of ammonium chloride form closer to the end with the hydrochloric acid?
Because the aqueous ammonia particles are smaller than the HCl particles and so diffuse more quickly
—> the aqueous ammonia particles travel further before it meets the HCl particles to react
Diffusion of potassium manganate (VII) in water
Slowly the purple potassium manganate (VII) will diffuse evenly throughout the beaker
What is a solute?
The substance that dissolves in a solvent
What is a solvent?
The liquid that the solute dissolves in
What is a solution?
The mixture of the dissolved solute and the solvent it is dissolved in
What does insoluble mean?
A chemical which does not dissolve
What is a saturated solution?
A solution in which the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved
(No more solute will dissolve)
What does solubility mean?
How much of a solute can dissolve in a solvent before the solution becomes saturated
What does concentrate mean?
A solution containing a large amount of dissolved solute
What does dilute mean?
A solution containing a small amount of dissolved solute
Equation for concentration (g/dm3)
Mass of dissolved solute (g)
—————————————
Volume of solvent (dm3)
How do you convert cm3 into dm3?
Divide by 1000
Most substances become more soluble at …
Higher temperatures
Equation for solubility (g/100g)
Mass of solute
——————— x100
Mass/volume of solvent
Solid (solubility)
Temperature increases: solubility increases
Temperature decreases: solubility decreases
Liquids (solubility)
Temperature increases: solubility increases
Temperature decreases: solubility decreases
Gases (solubility)
Temperature increases: solubility decreases
Temperature decreases: solubility increases
In which state does diffusion occur more quickly?
Gas
What does soluble mean?
A chemical which does dissolve
