States of matter

Question 1

Gas particles

Answer 1

• are far apart
• cannot be compressed
• are randomly arranged
• can move freely from place to place, in all directions

Question 2

Liquid particles

Answer 2

• are closed together
• fixed volume
• can be slightly compressed
• randomly arranged
• have limited movement in all directions

Question 3

Solid particles

Answer 3

• are touching each other
• cannot be compressed
• regular arrangement
• vibrate in fixed positions

Question 4

4 types of structure

Answer 4

• Simple molecular/atomic
• Giant Ionic
• Giant Molecular
• Metallic

Question 5

Simple molecular ex

Answer 5

• CO2
• Argon

Question 6

Giant ionic ex

Answer 6

• NaCl

Question 7

Giant molecular ex

Answer 7

• Silicon ( IV ) oxide

Question 8

Giant metallic ex

Answer 8

• iron
• copper

Question 9

Kinetic theory of gases

Answer 9

• gases and liquids are in constant movement
• can be used to explain the effect of temperature & pressure on volume of a gas & rates of chemical reactions

Question 10

Ideal gas

Answer 10

a gas whose volume varies in proportion to the temperature and in inverse proportion to the pressure

Question 11

Real gas

Answer 11

a gas that doesn’t obey ideal gas law, especially at low temperatures and high pressures

Question 12

The volume that a gas occupies depends on :

Answer 12

• pressure
• temperature

Question 13

The assumptions of ideal gases are :

Answer 13

• molecules are in constant random motion in straight lines
• molecules are rigid spheres
• pressure is due to molecules colliding to the walls of the container
• all collisions are elastic
• temperature is proportional to the average kinetic energy of the molecules

Question 14

Temperature in ideal gas behaviour

Answer 14

must be high enough above the boiling point so that there are no intermolecular forces between molecules

Question 15

Pressure in ideal gas behaviour

Answer 15

must be low enough so that the volume of the individual molecules is negligible relative to the volume of the container

Question 16

Ideal gas equation

Answer 16

pV = nRT

Question 17

How do real gases deviate from ideal behavior?

Answer 17

Real gases deviate from ideal behavior at low temperatures and high pressures because:

• Intermolecular forces become significant, causing particles to attract each other.
• The volume of gas particles is no longer negligible compared to the container volume.

Question 18

Freezing

Answer 18

Liquid to solid (releases energy, exothermic).

Question 18

Melting

Answer 18

Solid to liquid (requires energy, endothermic).

Question 19

Evaporation / Boiling

Answer 19

Liquid to gas (requires energy, endothermic)

Question 20

Condensation

Answer 20

Gas to liquid (releases energy, exothermic).

Question 21

Sublimation

Answer 21

Solid to gas without becoming liquid (requires energy, endothermic).

Question 22

What does Boyle’s Law state about the relationship between pressure and volume?

Answer 22

Boyle’s Law states that the pressure of a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature

Question 23

What does Charles’s Law state about the relationship between volume and temperature?

Answer 23

Charles’s Law states that the volume of a given mass of gas is directly proportional to its temperature (in Kelvin) at constant pressure

Question 24

What does Avogadro’s Law state about the relationship between volume and the number of moles of gas?

Answer 24

Avogadro’s Law states that the volume of a gas at constant temperature and pressure is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas

Question 25

What is Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures?

Answer 25

Dalton’s Law states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas