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Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry > States of Matter > Flashcards

States of Matter Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three states of matter?

A
  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
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2
Q

How do you describe the arrangement of particles in a solid?

A

Fixed, regular arrangement and very close together

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3
Q

How do you describe the arrangement of particles in a liquid?

A

Random arrangement, though moderately close together (some are touching)

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4
Q

How do you describe the arrangement of particles in a gas?

A

Random arrangement and spread out from eachother

Gaseous is the only state of matter which can be compressed as it is the only one with sufficient space between particles

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5
Q

How do you describe the movement of particles in a solid?

A

They do not move, only vibrate around a fixed position

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6
Q

How do you describe the movement of particles in a liquid?

A

They move around eachother

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7
Q

How do you describe the movement of particles in a gas?

A

Fast, random and in all directions

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8
Q

How do you describe the energy in a solid?

A

Least energy

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9
Q

How do you describe the energy in a liquid?

A

More than in a solid, less than in a gas

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10
Q

How do you describe the energy in a gas?

A

Most energy

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11
Q

What is it called when liquids become gas?

A
  • Boiling - Occurs at the boiling point, affects the whole liquid, happens quickly
  • Evaporation - Occurs throughout a range of temperatures (though a higher temperature results in a faster rate of evaporation), affects only the surface of the liquid, happens very slowly

This interconversion has two types, although boiling is more important

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12
Q

What is it called when solids become liquids?

A

Melting

All of these interconversions are physical changes, which are easy to reverse and involve no chemical change. They involve the forces between the particles

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13
Q

What is it called when gas becomes liquid?

A

Condensation

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14
Q

What is it called when liquids become solids?

A

Freezing

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15
Q

What is it called when a solid becomes a gas?

A

Sublimation

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16
Q

What is it called when a gas becomes a solid?

A

Deposition

17
Q

How are solid-liquid-gas interconversions achieved?

A
  • High temperatures, specifically the melting/boiling point of a substance
  • There is a discrete point where there is enough energy to break the stronger bonds of the more regular state of matter and where only the weaker bonds of the less regular state of matter can exist
18
Q

How are gas-liquid-solid interconversions achieved?

A
  • Low temperatures, specifically the freezing/condensation point of a substance
  • There is a discrete point where there is a small enough amount of energy for the stronger bonds of the more regular state of matter to exist, therefore these bonds will form in place of the weaker bonds
19
Q

What is the change in energy to the particles in a solid-liquid-gas interconversion?

A

The particles gain kinetic energy

20
Q

What is the change in energy to the particles in a gas-liquid-solid interconversion?

A

The particles lose kinetic energy

21
Q

What is the change in arrangement to the particles in a gas-liquid-solid interconversion?

A

It becomes more regular and the particles move closer together

22
Q

What is the change in arrangement to the particles in a solid-liquid-gas interconversion?

A

It becomes more random and the particles move further apart

23
Q

What is the change in movement to the particles in a gas-liquid-solid interconversion?

A

They move around less, eventually only vibrating (when they become a solid)

24
Q

What is the change in movement to the particles in a solid-liquid-gas interconversion?

A

They move around faster and more randomly

25
Q

What is a solvent?

A

The liquid which dissolves the solute

26
Q

What is a solute?

A

The substance which dissolves in the solvent to form the solution

27
Q

What is a solution?

A

The substance formed when the solute is dissolved by the solvent

28
Q

What is a saturated solution?

A

A solution with the maximum possible amount of solute dissolved in it given a fixed volume of solvent

Any more solute added will not be dissolved by the solute and will most likely sink

29
Q

What is the difference between a soluble and an insoluble substance?

A
  • A soluble substance acts as the solute and is able to be dissolved by the solvent
  • An insoluble substance cannot be dissolved by the solvent
30
Q

How can the results of experiments involving the diffusion of gases into air be explained?

The diffusion of gas happens quicker than the diffusion of liquids, and it cannot happen in solids as the particles do not move

A
  • Particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through random movement
  • The gas and air molecules are moving randomly and there are large gaps between the particles, so the particles can easily mix together

This experiment supports the theory that all matter is made of particles

31
Q

How can the results of experiments involving the dilution of coloured solutions with solvents be explained?

A
  • The dissolved crystals (solute) make the solution coloured
  • Adding more of the solvent dilutes the solution even more, and when enough dilutions happen the colour fades as the concentration of solute decreases
  • It indicates that the particles of the solute move from an area to high to low concentration and adding more solvent dilutes the solution as the solute particles mix with the solvent particles
32
Q

In what units can the solubility of a solute be expressed?

A

In g per 100 g of solvent

This means the maximum mass of a solute able to be dissolved in 100g of the solvent before it becomes a saturated solution

33
Q

How does the solubility of solids change with temperature?

A

As temperature increases, solubility increases

Keep in mind these rules are general and some may not increase much at all

34
Q

How does the solubility of gases change with temperature?

A

As temperature increases, solubility decreases

35
Q

How does the solubility of gases change with pressure?

A

As pressure increases, solubility increases

36
Q

How do you calculate the mass of solute crystals formed if a solution is cooled?

A
  • Find the solubility at each of the temperatures
  • Find the difference between these two values
  • Adjust for the volume of the solution
37
Q

How do you calculate the solubility in g per 100 g of solvent when given the mass of the solvent and the mass of the solute in a saturated solution?

A

(Mass of solute/Mass of solvent) x 100

Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry (26 decks)

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