States of Matter Flashcards
Solids
All particles touching
Regular arrangement
No spaces
Lower amount of energy relative to other states of matter
Don’t have much Energy so they vibrate on the spot
Particles fixed in position because of strong forces of attraction between particles (Bonds)
Difficult to pass through
Can be compressed
Liquids
Nearly all particles touching
Irregular arrangement
A few spaces
Medium amount of energy relative to other states of matter
Flow reasonably easily and can be poured
Takes the shape of the container - weaker bonds
Particles can move past each other by making new bonds and breaking old bonds but can’t move freely because of forces of attraction between particles (Bonds)
Easy to pass through
Slightly easier to be compressed
Gases
Particles not touching
Large spaces between particles
High amount of energy relative to other states of matter
Spread out and move quickly
Fills the shape of the container - weak bonds + high energy
Particles can move freely as they have a lot of energy to overcome attractions between particles
Very easy to pass through
Very easy to be compressed
Solid to Liquid
Melting (the particles are given more energy so they vibrate more until they overcome some of the forces of attractions so that the molecules can move past each other as a liquid)
Liquid to Gas
Evaporation
Gas to Liquid
Condensation
Liquid to Solid
Freezing / Solidifying
Solid to Gas
Sublimation
What is the name for changes between States of Matter
Interconversion
What happens to the temperature of an object while its state of matter is changing
It stays the same because the heat is used to break the bonds of attraction only after that does the temperature carry on increasing and vice versa for when gases turn into liquids and liquids turn into solids
When does a solid melt or a liquid solidify
At its melting point
When does a liquid evaporate or a gas condense
At its boiling point
Effect of impurities on melting and boiling point on a solid
The more impurities there are the lower the melting point of the solid
Endothermic Reaction
A reaction that absorbs heat
Exothermic Reaction
A reaction that releases heat
Do all particles have the same amount of energy
No. We know this because if they were all high then they’d all separate from the liquid and if all were low then none would separate so it is a bell curve where there are some low, some high, but most medium.
What happens to the overall temperature of a liquid as hot particles evaporate
Decreases as only the high energy particles would separate from the liquid so you are left with low to medium energy particles meaning a lower temperature
What is the difference between Evaporation and Boiling
Evaporation is slower, occurs only from the surface of the liquid, does not produce bubbles, leads to cooling, only high energy particles evaporate.
Boiling is faster, can occur throughout the liquid, produces lots of bubbles from all parts of the liquid not just the surface, does not result in cooling, and can only occur when Vapour Pressure = Atmospheric Pressure
What is diffusion
The natural movement of fluid (liquid and gas only) substances without any outside influence from a high concentration to a low concentration until the particles are evenly distributed (equilibrium in concentration) (but the particles do continue to move)
What factors influence the rate of diffusion
Higher Temperature - higher Energy - faster diffusion
Heavier mass - slower movement - slower diffusion
Greater difference in concentration - faster diffusion
Bigger Surface Area - faster diffusion
What is Brownian Motion
The random path taken by particles as they collide with other particles in a fluid
