States of Conciousness 2b Flashcards
the state of being awake and aware of one’s surroundings
conciousness
a series of bodily functions regulated by your internal clock. They control cycles like sleep and wakefulness, body temperature, hormone secretion, and more.
biological rythms
physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle. These natural processes respond primarily to light and dark and affect most living things.
circadian rhythm
a kind of sleep that occurs at intervals during the night and is characterized by rapid eye movements, more dreaming and bodily movement, and faster pulse and breathing
REM sleep
are neural oscillations in the frequency range of 8–12 Hz. They induce feelings of calm, increase creativity, and enhance your ability to absorb new information.
alpha waves
a circadian state characterized by partial or total suspension of consciousness, voluntary muscle inhibition, and relative insensitivity to stimulation.
sleep
a false sensory perception that has a compelling sense of reality despite the absence of an external stimulus. Typically symptoms a psychotic disorder (schizophrenia) but also may result from substance use, neurological abnormalities, and other conditions.
hallucinations
the lowest frequency brain wave recorded in electroencephalography. They are large, regular-shaped waves that have a frequency of 1 to 3 Hz. They are associated with deep sleep (delta-wave sleep) and indicate a synchronization of cells of the cerebral cortex.
delta waves
difficulty in initiating or maintaining a restorative sleep, which results in fatigue, the severity or persistence of which causes clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning.
insomnia
a disorder consisting of excessive daytime sleepiness accompanied by brief “attacks” of sleep during waking hours.
narcolepsy
the temporary cessation of breathing while asleep, which occurs when the upper airway briefly becomes blocked or when the respiratory centers in the brain fail to stimulate respiration
sleep apnea
a sleep disorder characterized by repeated episodes of abrupt awakening from NREM sleep accompanied by signs of disorientation, extreme panic, and intense anxiety.
night terrors
a physiologically and psychologically conscious state that occurs during sleep and is often characterized by a rich array of endogenous sensory, motor, emotional, and other experiences. Occur most often during REM sleep
dream
the images and events of a dream or fantasy as experienced and recalled by the dreamer or fantasist, as opposed to the latent content, which is posited to contain the hidden meaning.
manifest content
the unconscious wishes seeking expression in dreams or fantasies. This unconscious material is posited to encounter censorship (see censor) and to be distorted by the dream-work into symbolic representations to protect the ego
latent content
the increased occurrence of REM sleep following REM-sleep deprivation.
REM rebound
the procedure, or the state induced by that procedure, in which suggestion is used to evoke changes in sensation, perception, cognition, emotion, or control over motor behavior. Subjects appear to be receptive, to varying degrees, to suggestions to act, feel, and behave differently than in an ordinary waking state.
hypnosis
a suggestion made to a person during hypnosis that he or she acts out after the hypnotic trance. The suggested act may be carried out in response to a prearranged cue, and the person may not know why he or she is performing the action.
posthypnotic suggestions
a defense mechanism in which conflicting impulses are kept apart or threatening ideas and feelings are separated from the rest of the psyche.
dissociation
any drug that has significant effects on psychological processes, such as thinking, perception, and emotion.
psychoactive drug
a condition, resulting from persistent use of a drug, characterized by a markedly diminished effect with regular use of the same dose of the drug or by a need to increase the dose markedly over time to achieve the same desired effect.
tolerance
a syndrome that develops after cessation of prolonged, heavy consumption of a substance.
withdrawal
the state of an individual who has repeatedly taken a drug and experiences unpleasant physiological symptoms if he or she stops taking it.
psychological dependence
a state of psychological or physical dependence (or both) on the use of alcohol or other drugs
addiction
having the quality of diminishing or retarding a function or activity of a body system or organ.
depressant
any of a family of drugs derived from barbituric acid that depress activity of the central nervous system and were previously widely used as anxiolytics, sedatives, hypnotics, and general anesthetics. They typically induce profound tolerance and withdrawal symptoms and depress respiration.
barbiturates
any of a variety of natural and semisynthetic compounds derived from opium. They include the alkaloids morphine and codeine and their derivatives
opiates
any of various agents that excite functional activity in an organism or in a part of an organism.
stimulants
a CNS stimulant, closely related in structure and activity to ephedrine.
amphetamines
a CNS stimulant whose chemical structure is similar to that of amphetamine. It is used for treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and as a short-term aid to obesity treatment in adults
methamphetamines
a substituted phenylethylamine that, like its analog MDA, is a catecholamine-like hallucinogen with amphetamine-like stimulant properties that may produce visual disturbances and hallucinations at high doses.
ecstasy (MDMA)
a substance capable of producing a sensory effect (visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, or tactile) in the absence of an actual stimulus
hallucinogens
a highly potent hallucinogen that structurally resembles the neurotransmitter serotonin and presumably exerts its psychoactive effects by acting as a partial agonist at the 5-HT2A serotonin receptor.
LSD (acid)
any of a class of about 60 substances in the cannabis plant that includes those responsible for the psychoactive properties of the plant. The most important cannabinoid
THC
an image, perception, event, interaction, or feeling (or a combination of any of these) reported by some people after a life-threatening episode. Typical features include a sense of separation from the body, often accompanied by the ability to look down on the situation; a peaceful and pleasant state of mind; and an entering into light, sometimes following an interaction with a spiritual being.
near-death experience
the position that reality consists of two separate substances, defined by René Descartes as thinking substance (mind) and extended substance (matter). In the context of the mind–body problem, dualism is the position that the mind and the body constitute two separate realms or substances.
dualism
the position that reality consists of a single substance
monism
