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AP Psych Vocab > Biological Factors 2a > Flashcards

Biological Factors 2a Flashcards

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1
Q

Examines the relationship between mind and body, neural mechanisms, and the influence of heredity on behavior.

A

Biological Psychology

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2
Q

body’s nerve cells which make up the nervous system

A

neuron

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3
Q

-input fibers that carry electrical signals into a neuron from connected cells.

A

dendrite

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4
Q

A long, tubular structure in a neuron that transmits action potentials

A

axon

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5
Q

a layer of fatty cells – also called glial cells – that surround the axon fibers of the neuron

A

myelin sheath

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6
Q

occurs when a neuron transmits an electrical charge down its axon, which terminates in the release of chemical signals in the form of neurotransmitters

A

action potential

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7
Q

the limits of one’s perceptions

A

threshold

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8
Q

where the end of one neuron meets the beginning of another neuron

A

synapse

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9
Q

a chemical messenger inside the body, produced only in the neurons

A

neurotransmitters

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10
Q

neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory, and muscle contraction

A

acetylcholine

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11
Q

neurotransmitters linked to reduced pain and increased pleasure

A

endorphins

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12
Q

Consists of all the nerve cells. It is the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system.

A

nervous system

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13
Q

the entire complex of neurons, axons, and supporting tissue that constitute the brain and spinal cord. Primarily involved in mental activities and in coordinating and integrating incoming sensory messages and outgoing motor messages

A

central nervous system

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14
Q

all the nerves that branch out from the CNS components and extend to other parts of the body – to the sense organs, muscles, and glands. A communication relay going back and forth between the brain and the extremities

A

peripheral nervous system

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15
Q

neural “cables” containing many axons

A

nerves

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16
Q

nerves responsible for sensing a stimulus

A

sensory neurons

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17
Q

nerves responsible for carrying signals away from the central nervous system in order to initiate an action

A

motor neurons

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18
Q

any neuron that is neither sensory nor motor but connects other neurons within the central nervous system

A

interneurons

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19
Q

division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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20
Q

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

A

autonomic nervous system

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21
Q

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

A

sympathetic nervous system

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22
Q

ubdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) which regulates bodily functions which are outside of voluntary control, therefore being automatic

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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23
Q

Innate motor responses that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation

A

reflex

24
Q

artifical network or mathematical model for information processing based on how neurons and synapses work in the human brain

A

neural networks

25
Q

a system of glands that secretes hormones into the circulatory system. Includes the ovaries and testes, the pituitary gland, the thyroid, and pineal glands. Controls growth and development, reproduction, and body metabolism.

A

endocrine system

26
Q

chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands

A

hormones

27
Q

responsible for releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

adrenal glands

28
Q

gland located at the base of the brain producing hormones that control other glands and which affects metabolism, bone growth and sexual maturity. “Master Gland”

A

pituitary gland

29
Q

tissue destruction

A

leison

30
Q

amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface

A

electroencephalogram

31
Q

Used to evaluate cerebral metabolism and blood flow as well as the binding and transport of neurotransmitter systems in the brain

A

positron emission tomography scan

32
Q

technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue

A

magnetic resonance imaging

33
Q

technique for revealing bloodflow and brain activity by comparing successive scans

A

functional MRI

34
Q

The central core of the brain, it connects the brain and spinal cord and is responsible for automatic functions

A

brainstem

35
Q

controls automatic (involuntary) functions of the body, such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. Part of brainstem

A

medulla

36
Q

nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal

A

reticular formation

37
Q

brain’s sensory switchboard

A

thalamus

38
Q

plays a role in motor control and movement including balance, subtle movement, and equilibrium. It also plays a role in cognitive functions such as attention and language.

A

cerebellum

39
Q

the overall system of the brain that regulates emotions and controls behavior. Includes the Hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and other structures

A

limbic system

40
Q

the center of emotion and motivations. Is responsible for fear responses and learning out of fearful situations.

A

amygdala

41
Q

regulates the autonomic nervous system by producing and releasing hormones. Through its influence on the endocrine system, it can regulate sleep-wake cycles, respiration, and other autonomic responses.

A

hypothalamus

42
Q

intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body’s ultimate control and information processing center

A

cerebral cortex

43
Q

Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons

A

glial cells

44
Q

located at the front portion of the brain and is home to many important brain structures including the primary motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, and Broca’s area. Regulates voluntary movements such as walking. Different areas of the cortex control different areas of the body

A

frontal lobes

45
Q

located at the top of the brain, between the frontal and occipital lobe. It consists of the somatosensory cortex and is responsible for integrating sensory information from different parts of the body, especially visual information related to navigation and spatial orientation

A

parietal lobes

46
Q

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields

A

occipital lobes

47
Q

located beneath the lateral fissure on the cerebral hemisphere. Its primary function is processing auditory sensory input and is the location of the primary auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area. However, it also plays a role in interpreting meaning from visual stimuli and object recognition

A

temporal lobes

48
Q

An area at the rear of the frontal lobe that controls voluntary movements

A

motor cortex

49
Q

the site that registers touch, pressure, temperature, and pain in the cerebral cortex. This area is also responsible for awareness associated with bodily movement and position

A

sensory cortex

50
Q

located in the cerebral cortex. They act in learning, speech, memory, etc. These functions are considered to be higher mental functions. These are not involved in motor or sensory functions

A

association areas

51
Q

impairment of language, usually caused by left. hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding)

A

aphasia

52
Q

located in the left hemisphere in the frontal lobe. This area is responsible for speech production and language comprehension

A

broca’s area

53
Q

the language area that is responsible for comprehending spoken word as well as formulating written and spoken language

A

wernicke’s area

54
Q

brain’s ability to reorganize itself after an accident or tragedy OR modify itself in response to experience/a change

A

plasticity

55
Q

the bridge. between the left and right. hemispheres. Allows two sides to work together on tasks

A

corpus callosum

56
Q

A condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them

A

split brain

AP Psych Vocab (3 decks)

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