State of the Philippine Freshwater Biodiversity Flashcards
is the ecosystem of a river, stream or spring
Lotic Ecosystem
involves relatively still terrestrial waters such as lakes and
ponds
Lentic Ecosystems
Cave and Groundwater
Hypogean Ecosystems
How many lakes does the Philippines have?
216 lakes
10 Lakes in the Philippines and its location
- Laguna de Bay - Laguna and Rizal
- Lake Lanao - Lanao del Sur
- Lake Dapao - Lanao del Sur
- Lake Buluan - South Cotabato
- Lake Sebu - South Cotabato
- Lake Bato - Camarines Sur & Albay
- Lake Buhi - Camarines Sur
- Taal Lake - Batangas
- Lake Mainit - Surigao del Norte & Agusan del Norte
- Naujan Lake - Oriental Mindoro
Number of Philippine Rivers
421 Major Rivers
21 River Basins - Luzon (8), Visayas (5), Mindanao (8)
What are the River Basins in Luzon?
- Abra River Basin
- Agno River Basin
- Apayao-Abulug River Basin
- Bicol River Basin
- Cagayan River Basin
- Marikina River Basin
- Pampanga River Basin
- Pasig-Laguna River Basin
What are the River Basins in Visayas?
- Central Cebu River Basin
- Iloilo Batiano River Basin
- Ilog-Hilabangan River Basin
- Jalaur River Basin
- Pan-ay River Basin
What are the River Basins in Mindanao?
- Agusan River Basin
- Buayan-Malungon River Basin
- Cagayan de Oro River Basin
- Davao River Basin
- Mindanao River Basin
- Ranao (Agus) River Basin
- Tagoloan River Basin
- Tagum-Libuganon River Basin
How many caves are there in the Philippines?
1, 500 Caves
Philippine Caves:
- Langun-Gobingob Cave (Samar)
- Tulingon Cave (Aklan)
- Odessa Cave (Cagayan)
- Odloman Cave (Negros Oriental)
- Capisaan Cave (Nueva Vizcaya)
LARGEST VERTEBRATE GROUP
with 28, 000 described species
16, 000 marine species
12, 000 freshwater sepcies
Fishes
Percentage of Endemic, Native, and Introduced Freshwater Fishes in the Philippines
84.24% Endemic
214.61% Native
53.15% Introduced
Cave and Groundwater Fishes of the world
233
Philippine Cave Fish
2 or 3
Laguna de Bay species
Leiopotherapon plumbeus (ayungin)
Gobiopterus lacustris (dulong)
Arius manillensis (kanduli)
Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758)
Pterygoplichthys spp.
Chitala ornata (Gray 1831)
Lake Lanao species
Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758)
Hypseleotris agilis Herre 1927
Guiris margaritacea (Valenciennes 1837)
Lake Taal species
Sardinella tawilis (tawilis)
Hydrophis semperi Garman, 1881
Parachromis managuensis (Gunther, 1867)
Sarotherodon menaotheroon (Ruppell, 1852)
Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758)
Naujan Lake Species
Barbodes hemictenus (paitan)
Leiopotherapon plumbeus (ayungin)
Acrochordus granulatus (Schneider 1799)
Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758)
Lake Bato species
Mistichthys luzonensis (tabios)
Gulaphallus bikolanus (balanak)
Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758)
Lake Buhi species
Mistichthys luzonensis (sinarapan)
Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758)
Traditional fishing gear
sarap or salap
Lake Manguao Species
- Puntius manguaoensis
- Puntius bantolanensis
- Nematabramis alestes alestes
- Oxyleotris expatria
- Dermogenys palawanensis
- Hito taytayensis Herre 1924
- Rasbora argyrotaenia everetti
Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758)
Threats and Challenges
- Destruction or degradation of habitat
- Hydrological manipulation
- Overexploitation/overcollection/Illegal
wildlife trade - Water pollution
- Climate change
- Influx of tourists
- Invasion by exotic species
is one of the five top drivers for global biodiversity loss
Biotic invasion
is the second leading cause of species extinction in freshwater habitats
Introduction of alien species
Process of Invasion
Place of Origin -> New Range: Immigrants -> Survive and Reproduce: Adventives -> Population persists: Naturalized -> Population increasing/Spreading: Invaders
The three-stage hierarchical approach :
- Prevention
- . Early detection and rapid eradication
- Long-term control and containment
an introduced species, with no record of introduction to the Philippines.
Introduced with authority from BFAR. (Guerrero III 2014)
Pterygopichthys pardalis (Janitor fish, Armored Catfish)
Chitala ornata (Gray 1831)
Listed No. 24 as 100 of the worst IAS (Lowe, Browne, Boudjelas, De Poorter 2000).
* Introduced from Thailand in 1972 (Guerrero III 2014)
Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus 1758)
- Listed No. 24 as 100 of the worst IAS (Lowe, Browne, Boudjelas, De Poorter 2000).
- Introduced to the Philippines in 1912.
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms
- Listed No. 30 as 100of the worst IAS (Lowe, Browne,
Boudjelas, De Poorter 2000). - Introduced from Hongkong in 1915 (Guerrero III 2014).
Cyprinus carpio carpio (common carp)
- Listed No. 39 as 100 of the worst IAS (Lowe,
Browne, Boudjelas, De Poorter 2000). - Introduced to the Philippines from Hawaii
in 1913 by Alvin Seale (1917).
Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard 1853)
- Listed No. 54 as 100 of the worst IAS (Lowe,
Browne, Boudjelas, De Poorter 2000). - Introduced from San Francisco, California, USA by Alvin Seale in 1907 (Seale 1910)
Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède 1802)
- Listed No. 66 as 100 of the worst IAS (Lowe, Browne,
Boudjelas, De Poorter 2000). - Introduced in 1972 from Thailand (Guerrero III 2014)
Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852)
- Listed No. 73 as 100 of the worst IAS (Lowe, Browne,
Boudjelas, De Poorter 2000). - Introduced from South America in the 1980s.
- With voracious appetite for water plants.
- Common pest in rice fields.
Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck 1819)
- Introduced in 1972 from Israel (Guerrero III 1997;
Cagauan 2007); Thailand (?) (Guerrero III 2014)
Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Seven countries that have legally
recognized the rights of nature
- Ecuador
- New Zealand
- Colombia
- Australia
- The United States of America
- Bangladesh
- India
Best Practices around the globe
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