State of Consciousness

Question 1

what is selective attention?

Answer 1

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.

Question 2

state of consciousness

Answer 2

we are aware of a very limited amount of all that we are capable of experience.

Question 3

when does inattentional blindness occur?

Answer 3

Occurs when we fail to attend to relevant stimuli in our environment.

Question 4

what is an example of an Inattentional blindness fatality?

Answer 4

we think that as long as our eyes are open, we are seeing.

Question 5

Simons and Chabris (1999) recently replicated and extended Neisser’s research

Answer 5

roughly half of observers will fail to detect an ongoing, unusual and unexpected event while engaged in a different task of visual attention.

Question 6

Inattentional blindness may depend on

Answer 6

the similarity between unexpected and attended objects.

Question 7

Some psychologists question whether inattentional blindness…

Answer 7

reflects a failure of perception or represents “inattentional amnesia,” which is a limitation of memory.

Question 8

broad analysis of inattentional blindness

Answer 8

we consciously see far less of our world than we think we do.

Question 9

Change Blindness

Answer 9

is closely linked with inattentional blindnessRefers to people’s failure to detect change in their visual field, often when it occurs during an eye movement or when their view is momentarily interrupted.

Question 10

While conscious awareness enables us to exert voluntary control and to communicate our mental states to others…

Answer 10

consciousness is but the tip of the information-processing iceberg.

Question 11

what are we often unaware of?

Answer 11

We are often unaware of environmental cues that are having a profound effect on our behavior.

Question 12

Bargh and Chartrand

Answer 12

found that behaviors, prejudices, and feeling are controlled by automatic processes that we are not consciously aware.

Question 13

The Sleep IQ Test

Answer 13

1. During sleep, your brain rests.
2. You cannot learn to function normally with one
   or two fewer hours of sleep than you need.
3. Boredom makes you feel sleepy, even if you
   have had enough sleep.
4. Resting in bed with your eyes closed cannot
   satisfy your body’s need for sleep.
5. Snoring is not harmful as long as it doesn’t
   disturb others or wake you up.
6. Everyone dreams nightly.
7. The older you get, the fewer hours of sleep you need.
8. Most people don’t know when they are sleepy.
9. Raising the volume on your radio will help you
   stay awake while driving.
10. Sleep disorders are mainly due to worry or
    psychological problems.
11. The human body never adjusts to night shift
    work.
12. Most sleep disorders go away, even without treatment.

Question 14

The Circadian Rhythm

Answer 14

The approximately 24-hour biological clock that is influenced by the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Question 15

Melatonin

Answer 15

A hormone released by the pineal gland that seems to
play an important role in the synchronization of the sleep-wakefulness cycle.

Question 16

Stages of Sleep - measured by eeg

Answer 16

Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (NREM)
* Stage 1
 The lightest stage of sleep.
* Stage 2 * Stage 3 * Stage 4
 The deepest stage of sleep, from which it is the most difficult to be awakened.
 Rapid Eye Movement (REM)

Question 17

paradoxical sleep

Answer 17

brain activity patterns are similar to that of the waking state, but the body is completely relaxed.

Question 18

Sleep & Memory

Answer 18

Memories seem to become more stable in the brain during the deep stages of sleep. After that, REM—the most active stage of sleep—seems to play a role in linking together related memories, sometimes in unexpected ways. That’s why a full night of sleep may help with problem-solving.

Question 19

Sleep Deficit Scale

Answer 19

• Research suggests that 80% of college students suffer from a sleep deficit.
• The average American only gets 6.9 hours of sleep every night.

Question 20

Coren

Answer 20

reasoned that as a society we are so sleep-de- prived that even a minor loss of sleep can increase sleep-related accidents.

Question 21

Klein-Levin Syndrome

Answer 21

typically lasting a few days to a few weeks. Episode onset is often abrupt, and may be associated with flu-like symptoms. Excessive food intake, irritability, childishness, disorientation, hallucinations, and an abnormally uninhibited sex drive may be observed during episodes

Question 22

Sleep-Wake Cycle
Disorders

Answer 22

problems that occur when your body’s internal clock, which tells you when it’s time to sleep or wake, is out of sync with your environment. Your internal clock, called a circadian clock, cycles about every 24 hours.

Question 23

Hypnophobia

Answer 23

extreme or irrational fear of falling asleep.

Question 24

Hypnalgia

Answer 24

This term refers to fleeting perceptual experiences that occur during the transition from wakefulness to sleep and from sleep to wakefulness.

Question 25

Narcolepsy (“Sleep
Attacks”)

Answer 25

The most dramatic
component is “cataplexy”—attacks of muscle weakness or near-total paralysis.

a chronic sleep disorder characterized by overwhelming daytime drowsiness and sudden attacks of sleep. People with narcolepsy often find it difficult to stay awake for long periods of time, regardless of the circumstances. Narcolepsy can cause serious disruptions in your daily routine.

Question 26

Sleep Apnea “cessation of respiration.”

Answer 26

common condition in which your breathing stops and restarts many times while you sleep. This can prevent your body from getting enough oxygen.

when the muscles that support the soft tissues in your throat, such as your tongue and soft palate, temporarily relax. When these muscles relax, your airway is narrowed or closed, and breathing is momentarily cut off. This occurs when the muscles in the back of your throat relax.

Question 27

Sleepwalking & Night Terrors

Answer 27

These non-REM sleep disorders tend to run in families.

Sleep terrors are episodes of screaming, intense fear and flailing while still asleep. Also known as night terrors, sleep terrors often are paired with sleepwalking. Like sleepwalking, sleep terrors are considered a parasomnia — an undesired occurrence during sleep

Question 28

Insomnia

Answer 28

With insomnia, you may have trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or getting good quality sleep. This happens even if you have the time and the right environment to sleep well. Insomnia can get in the way of your daily activities and may make you feel sleepy during the day.

Question 29

what affects dream content.

Answer 29

Geography and culture

Question 30

Hypnotized State

Answer 30

a trance-like mental state in which people experience increased attention, concentration, and suggestibility. While hypnosis is often described as a sleep-like state, it is better expressed as a state of focused attention, heightened suggestibility, and vivid fantasies.

Question 31

Dependence & Addiction

Answer 31

Dependence. When people talk about addiction, they are usually referring to the harmful behavior associated with substance abuse. Dependence refers to the physical symptoms of withdrawal and tolerance.

Question 32

Psychoactive Drugs

Answer 32

Alcohol, Rohypnol, Caffeine, LSD, & Marijuana