State building after independence

Question 1

What did the post independence ME see in terms of the state? (Owen)

Answer 1

-huge increase in power of state apparatus

Question 2

What motivated increase in state power? (Owen)

Answer 2

• Need to maintain security post-independence

- desire to use state to promote large scale economic and social welfare programs

Question 3

What was the first country to experience large scale state growth?(Owen)

Answer 3

-Egypt following 52 coup led by Nasser

Question 4

How did the Egyptian bureaucracy grow? (Owen)

Answer 4

• 350,000 in Egyptian bureaucracy in 1951/2 to over 1,000,000 in 1965/6
• ministries doubled from 15 to 29 in same period

Question 5

What justified expansion of state involvement in the economy?(Owen)

Answer 5

-the need for rapid development and for a more equitable distribution of a rising national income

Question 6

How did regimes use land reform? (Owen)

Answer 6

-used land reform to create new institutions at local level such as a village council or a branch of the party

Question 7

What was the bottom line of state control?(Owen)

Answer 7

-presence of army and the police

Question 8

What did the expansion in size and cost of the military establishment in most arab countries reflect itself in? (Ayubi)

Answer 8

a growing political role for the military

Question 9

What does independence drive states to do? (Ayubi)

Answer 9

-expand their military and set up conscription and colleges

Question 10

Why did coups become more difficult to achieve? (Ayubi)

Answer 10

-Armies became larger, stronger and far more diversified in a way that makes a coup more difficult

Question 11

What kind of role did the military in countries like Egypt and Turkey develop? (Ayubi)

Answer 11

-A behind the scenes role

Question 12

How did the military elite in many countries consolidate themselves in power? (Ayubi)

Answer 12

• By using more sophisticated security techniques

- By integrating itself with segments of the ascending classes and elites

Question 13

Examples of countries being ruled by leaders who come from armed forces? (Ayubi)

Answer 13

-Egypt, Iraq, Syria and to some extent Sudan, Algeria and Libya

Question 14

Examples of military growth in Iraq (Bill and Springborg)

Answer 14

Iraq went from 140,000 strong military in 1977 to about 1 million in 1990

Question 15

What was an issue with military regimes (Bill and Springborg)

Answer 15

-the military lacked skills to manage everything, corruption eventually accompanied its control

Question 16

Example of favouritism in military? (Bill and Springborg)

Answer 16

-In Jordan three quarters of officer corp drawn from east bank tribes loyal to royal family