Starred Exam Things Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Fridjof Nansen (1861-1930)?

A

A Norwegian Oceanographer, his ship was trapped in the Arctic Ice
Fram was designed to move up and out of frozen ocean

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2
Q

What was the hypothesis and experiment that Fridjof Nansen planned?

A

Hypothesis: Arctic Currents move over the North Pole
Test: June 24, 1893, Fram +13 men +5 years of provisions
Plan: freeze Fram

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3
Q

What were the results of Fridjof Nansen’s expedition?

A

Froze Early, missed NP by 500 km, Fram drifted with the ice pack 4 years (1893-1896)
Fram drifted 1650km, proving no Artic continent under the ice

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4
Q

What happened on Aug. 13 1896?

A

Fram thawed off Spitsbergen

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5
Q

Name 3 of Nansens contributions

A
  1. No Arctic continent existed beneath the ice;
  2. Year-round polar ice;
  3. Ice = pack ice, not glacial;
  4. Arctic Ocean >3000m deep;
  5. Nansen bottle: device designed by Nansen to obtain samples of seawater at a specific depth;
  6. Warm layer (1.5 0C) between 150-900m = saline Atlantic water under colder less saline Arctic water;
  7. Plankton bloom;
  8. Wind direction relative to ice drift – to Ekman = Ekman spiral;
  9. Nobel prize 1922 humanitarian work in WWI
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6
Q

Who was the great scholar that was the first to calculate the circumference of the earth?

A

Eratosthenes of Cyrene

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7
Q

Who was Eratosthenes of Cyrene?

A

The second Librarian at Alexandria, a greek astronomer, philosopher and poet

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8
Q

What grid did Eratosthenes of Cyrene make?

A

The grid which was the origin of latitude and longitude, and maps and navigational charts of the world

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9
Q

What experiment did Eratosthenes of Cyrene do?

A

He calculated the circumference of the Earth using the shadow of the pole and the vertical pole at Alexandria, and the Vertical Well at Syene

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10
Q

How was longitude determined?

A

Longitude was determined using a clock

Accuracy of the estimate of westward position=accuracy of the clock

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11
Q

Why did they need a new clock?

A

Because other clocks were inaccurate and pendulum clocks were useless in the ship
British Board of Longitude awarded $20,000 pounds for the most accurate clock

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12
Q

Who was John Harrison and when and what did he do?

A

1728 He worked on a clock, the Chronometer, and was given 500 pounds

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13
Q

By 1760 how many versions of the Chronometer did John Harrison make?

A

He had built 4 versions

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14
Q

What was trial 4 of John Harrisons clock?

A

It was the in 1761 on the HM Deptford, Harrison’s son traveled from England to Jamaica,

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15
Q

What Scandal did Captain James Cook do?

A

He took a copy of Harrison’s 4th Chronometer model in his 2nd and 3rd Voyages, and Harrison was not fully rewarded

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16
Q

When did Harrison get his dues

A

In 1773 Harrison was fully awarded by the British Board of Longitude

17
Q

What happened with the Greenwich Meridian?

A

The longitudinal line at the Greenwich Naval Observatory = longitude 0 for the world