January 15th

Question 1

Conditions necessary for a larger permanent Ocean to exist are/why can it be on Earth:

Answer 1

• Ocean size and gravity
• Earth calm and stable surrounding; (protected from magnetic field)
• Earth’s distance from the Sun

Question 2

How did the universe form?

Answer 2

The Big Bang- 13.7 billion years ago it burst into existence,
-Standards of time and space did not apply, just a lot of energy, which expanded, inflated and then got cooler

Question 3

What is the origin of the ocean linked to?

Answer 3

1. The Earth’s origin

2. The origin of the solar systems and galaxies

Question 4

What is a galaxy and which one is ours?

Answer 4

Galaxy: huge aggregation of stars, dust, gas and other debris held together by gravity
Ours is called the Milky Way galaxy

Question 5

When did the solar system form?

Answer 5

5 billion years from a Solar nebula, radio active gust of energy and blew all of the remaining dust from the nebula (gas rotating, contracting and forming clumps)

Question 6

What is a solar nebula?

Answer 6

Mass of cloud of gas and dust
(~ 75% H,
~23% He, ~ 2% dust, ice, heavier elements)

Question 7

What is the first stage of the creation of the solar system?

Answer 7

• 5 billion yrs ago solar nebular, rotating disk-shaped mass of cloud of gas and dust formed
• struck by the shock wave and matter of an expanding supernova remnant
• shockwave caused the condensing mass to spin

Question 8

What is the second stage of the creation of the solar system?

Answer 8

As mass spun, it absorbed some of the heavy atoms from the passing supernova remnant
Warm temps=metal/rock seeds condense
Cold temps= seeds can have lots of ice

Question 9

What is the third stage of the creation of the solar system?

Answer 9

Seeds of gas giant planets big enough to attract hydrogen and helium gas to make gaseous planets, moons form in disks of dust and gas that surround the planets.

Question 10

What is the fourth stage of the creation of the solar system?

Answer 10

Leftovers become asteroids

Terrestrial planets remain in inner, and gas giant planets remain in outer

Question 11

What does the condensation theory explain?

Answer 11

How starts and planets are believed to form, as well as from accretion

Question 12

3 facts about baby Earth?

Answer 12

• formed 4.6 billion years , by accretion

- surface was heated

Question 13

How did the layers of the earth form?

Answer 13

Iron and nickel pulled by gravity to the core
Lighter (silicon, magnesium, aluminum, and oxygen went to surface/crust
Dense stratification process (layers sorterd by density

Question 14

What are the three layers of the earth?

Answer 14

1. Core (inner and outer)
2. Mantle
3. Crust

Question 15

How did we figure out the age of the earth?

Answer 15

geochronological techniques, rate of radioactive decay in unstable atoms in meteorite, moon rocks, and oldest rocks
Uranium 238 -> measure the concentration of Pb

Question 16

Why are Earth’s oldest rocks rare

Answer 16

-they recycle into the interior
Acasta Formation 3.96 billion
Zircon grains 4.35 billion
Carbon specks: 3.85 billion

Question 17

When did the moon form and how did it form(3)?

Answer 17

• 4.4 billion years ago
  1. Planet size of Mars smashed into Earth
  2. rocky mantle was ejected forming debris
  3. Debris condensed into the Moon

Question 18

What is the first theory of the Hydrosphere?

Answer 18

Outgassing

1. Volcanic gases (water vapour, Co2, Nitrogen, methane, ammonia and sulpher dioxide emitted by volcanic venting)
2. repeater process of evaporation, cooling and rainfall with minerals accumulate = ocean formed 4 billion years ago

Question 19

What is the second theory of the hydrosphere?

Answer 19

Bombardment of the young Earth by comets and asteroids

formed surface water (frozen gas and water ice)

Question 20

How does the Earth’s magnetic field work?

Answer 20

Earth has solid mantle, liquid inner core and solid inner core.
Liquid and solid cores spin at different rates, generating the magnetic field

Question 21

What does the magnetic field on Earth protect from?

Answer 21

radiation and Solar winds

Question 22

What are the types of poles and equators?

Answer 22

Geographic and Magnetic

Question 23

Tell the story of Earth’s atmospheres:

Answer 23

• The first one was swept away

- The second one was formed by outgassing.