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*biology > starch, glycogen and cellulose (biological molecules) > Flashcards

starch, glycogen and cellulose (biological molecules) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

alpha glucose molecules are joined together by

A

glycosidic bonds

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2
Q

alpha glucose molecule are joined together to form

A
  • maltose
  • amylose
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3
Q

how is amylose converted to alpha glucose molecules

A

hydrolysed

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4
Q

amylose is hydrolysed into

A

alpha glocose molecules

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5
Q

starch is found in what in the form of what

A

parts of a plant in the form of small grains

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6
Q

large amounts of starch occur in (2)

A
  • seeds
  • storage organs like potato tubers
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7
Q

what type of reaction are glycosidic bonds formed by

A

condensation reactions

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8
Q

what monomer is starch made from

A

alpha glucose

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9
Q

structure of starch molecule diagram

A
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10
Q

main role of starch is

A

energy store

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11
Q

how is a starch molecules structure suited for its function

A
  • insoluble so doesnt affect water potential, so water is not drawn into cells by osmosis
  • large and insoluble so doesnt diffuse out of cells
  • compact so alot of it can be stored in a small space
  • when hydrolysed it forms alpha glucose, which is both easily transported and readily used in respiration
  • branched form has many ends, each of which can be acted on by enzymes simultaneously so glucose monomers are released rapidly
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12
Q

starch is never found in

A

animal cells

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13
Q

what type of molecule is starch

A

polysaccharide

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14
Q

which type of glucose is found in starch

A

alpha

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15
Q

which type of reaction forms starch

A

condensation

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16
Q

why is it important for plants to store energy as starch not glucose

A

overview:
- larger molecule than glucose
- takes up less space, allowing the plant to store more energy in a smaller volume
- allows plants to efficiently store and use the energy they produce during photosynthesis

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17
Q

structure of glycogen figure

A
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18
Q

glycogen is found in

A
  • animal cells
  • bacter cells
  • never plants
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19
Q

glycogens structure compared to starch is

A
  • similar
  • shorter chains
  • more highly branched
20
Q

sometimes called

A

animal starch, as it is the major carbohydrate storage product of animals

21
Q

in animals it is stored as and where

A
  • small granules
  • muscles
  • liver
22
Q

the main storage molecule in animals is

A

fat

23
Q

how does glycogens structure suit it for storage

A
  • insoluble so doesnt draw water into the cells by osmosis
  • as it is insoluble it doesnt diffuse out of cells
  • compact so alot of it can be stored in a small space
  • more highly branched than starch so has more ends that can be acted on simultaneously by enzymes
  • so more rapidly broken down to form glucose monomers which are used in respiration
  • important to animals which have a higher metabolic rate and therefore repiratory rate than plants because they are more active
24
Q

what are the two polysaccharides found in starch

A
  • amylose
  • amylopectin
25
Q

what monomers is cellulose made of

A

beta

26
Q

describe the structure of cellulose

A
  • straight unbranched chains runninung parallel to one another
  • allowing hydrogen bonds to form cross linkages between adjacent chains
  • number of them strengthens cellulose
  • so valuable structural material
27
Q

arrangement of beta glucose chains in a cellulose molecule figure

A
28
Q

simplified representation of the arrangement of glucose chains diagram

A
29
Q

cellulose molecules are grouped together to form

A
  • microfibrils
  • which are arranged in parallel groups called fibres
30
Q

cellulose is a major component of

A

plant cell walls

31
Q

cellulose provides

A
  • rigidity to the plant cell
  • prevents cell bursting as water enters by osmosis
  • does this by exerting an inward pressure that stops any further influx of water
  • so living plant cells are turgid and push against one another making non woody parts of the plant semi rigid
  • important in maintaining the stems and leaves in a turgid state so they can provide the maximium surface area for photosynthesis
32
Q

in summary the structure of cellulose is suited to its function of providing support and rigidity because

A
  • cellulose molecules are made up of beta gluocse and so form long straight unbranched chains
  • these cellulose molecular chains run parallel to each other and are crossed linked by hydrgen bonds whiich add collectie strength
  • these molecules are grouped to form microfibrils which in turn are grouped to form fibres which provides more strength
33
Q

structure of a cellulose microfibril figure

A
34
Q

state which carbohyrate stains deep blue with iodine solution

A

starch

35
Q

state which carbohydrate is known as animal starch

A

glycogen

36
Q

state which carbohydrates are found in plants

A
  • alpha glucose
  • beta glucose
  • starch
  • cellulose
37
Q

state which carbohydrates are polysaccharides

A
  • starch
  • cellulose
  • glycogen
38
Q

state which monosaccharide is found in starch

A

alpha glucose

39
Q

state which carbohydrate has a structural function

A

cellulose

40
Q

state which carbohydrates can be hydrolysed

A
  • starch
  • cellulose
  • glycogen
41
Q

state which carbohydrates easily move in and out of cells by facilitated diffusion

A
  • alpha glucose
  • beta glucose
42
Q

what is the major reason cellulose differs from starch and glycogen

A

made of beta glucose monomers

43
Q

starch is made up of chains of

A

alpha glucose monosaccharides

44
Q

the alpha glucose monosaccharides in starch are linked by

A

glycosidic bonds

45
Q

glycosidic bonds are formed by

A

condensation reactions

46
Q

chains in starch can be

A

branched or unbranched

47
Q

unbranched chains in starch are

A

wound into a tight coil so the molecule is compact

*biology (6 decks)

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