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eukaryotic cells (cell structure) Flashcards

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1
Q

cells are filled with small structures called

A

organelles

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2
Q

organelles are separate regions of a cell that perform a

A

specific role or function

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3
Q

most organelles are surrounded by one or two

A

membranes
(but some have no membrane at all)

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4
Q

eukaryotic means

A

true nucleus

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5
Q

which type of cell is one with a nucleus

A

eukaryotic

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6
Q

eukaryotic cells have organelles that have

A

membranes

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7
Q

what organisms are eukaryotic

A

animals, plants, fungi, and protists

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8
Q

prokaryotic means

A

before nucleus

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9
Q

prokaryotic cells have no

A

nucleus and no organelles

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10
Q

what organisms are prokaryotic

A

bacteria

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11
Q

eukaryotic organelles found in all cell types are (7)

A
  • cell-surface membrane
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • lysosomes
  • ribosomes
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • golgi apparatus
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12
Q

eukaryotic organelles found in plant and fungi cells only are

A
  • chloroplasts (plants only)
  • cell vacuole (plants only)
  • cell wall (plants and fungi)
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13
Q

cell surface membrane does what

A
  • controls the movement of substances into and out of cells
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14
Q

in some cells the cell-surface membrane is folded into finger like structures called

A

microvilli

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15
Q

microvilli does what

A
  • provides a larger surface area for absorption
  • commonly found on cells lining the intestines
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16
Q

nucleus contains

A
  • genetic material (DNA)
  • nucleolus (nucleoli)
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17
Q

nucleus controls

A

controls the cells activities

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18
Q

nucleoli are the sites of

A

ribosome production

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19
Q

nucleus is surrounded by

A
  • a double-membrane (two lipid-bilayers)
  • endoplasmic reticulum
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20
Q

what specific structure allow movement of materials in and out of the nucleus

A

nuclear pores

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21
Q

the nucleus is filled with a material called

A

chromatin

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22
Q

the nucleus is the site of

A
  • gene expression
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23
Q

the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells are long

A

linear molecules of DNA

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24
Q

chromosomes are bound to proteins called what to form

A
  • histones
  • to form chromatin
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25
Q

chromatin can be what during cell division

A

coiled or uncoiled

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26
Q

mitochondria are what structures

A

double membrane bound

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27
Q

mitochondria are the site of

A

aerobic respiration

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28
Q

ATP is used by the cell as a source of

A

energy

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29
Q

what structure do mitochondria have (7)

A
  • outer membrane
  • inner membrane
  • intermembrane space
  • cristae
  • matrix
  • DNA
  • ribosomes
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30
Q

outer membrane of mitochondria controls

A

movement of substances in and out of the organelle

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31
Q

inner membrane is folded into structures called

A

cristae

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32
Q

inner membrane of mitochondria is the site of

A

aerobic respiration

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33
Q

chemical reactions involved in respiration also take place in the what of mitochondria

A

matrix

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34
Q

the matrix contains (2)

A
  • ribosomes
  • its own DNA to allow it to encode proteins needed for respiration
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35
Q

ribosomes join what together during what

A

amino acids together during protein synthesis

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36
Q

ribosomes are made of

A

two separate subunits: large subunit + small subunit

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37
Q

ribosomes consist of

A
  • protein
  • RNA
  • no membrane
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38
Q

ribosomes in an animal cell are either

A
  • free in the cytoplasm
  • attached to the Rough ER
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39
Q

ribosomes are made in

A

the nucleolus

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40
Q

a polysome is

A
  • is a molecule of mRNA that has several ribosomes attached to it
  • the ribosome travels along the mRNA making protein as it moves along
  • at one end the protein chain is small but gets longer as the ribosomes add more amino acids to it
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41
Q

endoplasmic reticulum is involved in

A

manufacture and transport of substances like proteins, lipids and carbohydrates

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42
Q

endoplasmic reticulum is

A

flattened membranous sacs usually continuous with outer membrane of the nucleus

43
Q

two types of endoplasmic reticulum is

A
  • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER or RER)
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER or SER)
44
Q

RER appears rough as it has

A

ribosomes attached to it

45
Q

RER does what

A

provides a large surface area for the manufacture and transport of proteins

46
Q

cells that make and release lots of proteins will have lots of

A

RER

47
Q

smooth ER has no

A

ribosomes on its surface

48
Q

smooth ER does what

A

stores and transports carbohydrates and lipids

49
Q

golgi apparatus has a stack of flattened membranous sacs called

A

cisternae

50
Q

what are cisternae

A

stack of flattened membranous sacs

51
Q

what are vesicles

A

membrane bound sacs

52
Q

what do vesicles in the golgi body do

A

fuse with the cisternae at one end of the golgi apparatus and bud off at the other end

53
Q

what does the golgi apparatus do

A
  • stores and transport lipids and carbohydrates
  • transports proteins to other organelles or the cell surface
  • adds carbohydrate to protein to make glycoproteins
  • produce secretory enzymes
  • forms lysosomes
54
Q

the golgi apparatus stores and transports

A

lipids and carbohydrates

55
Q

the golgi apparatus transports

A

proteins to other organelles or the cell surface

56
Q

the golgi apparatus adds carbohydrate to protein to make

A

glycoproteins

57
Q

the golgi apparatus produce

A

secretory enzymes

58
Q

the golgi apparatus forms

A

lysosomes

59
Q

what are lysosomes

A

membrane bound vesicles secreted by golgi

60
Q

lysosomes contain

A

hydrolytic enzymes

61
Q

lysosomes are a mixture of what

A

proteases and lipases (protein and fat digesting enzymes)

62
Q

what cells will contain alot of lysosomes

A
  • secretory cells
  • phagocytic cells
  • cells in the immune system
63
Q

what do lysosomes do

A
  • break down ingested material or worn out organelles or destroy cells when they die (autolysis)
  • secrete digesting enzymes outside of the cell
64
Q

what do chloroplasts do

A

harvest light and carry out photosynthesis to make carbohydrates for the plant

65
Q

cells that are exposed to lots of light will have lots of

A

chloroplasts

66
Q

what structures do chloroplasts contain

A
  • grana
  • chloroplast envelope (double membrane)
  • stroma
67
Q

what are grana

A
  • stacks of thylakoid membranes which contain chlorophyll for light harvesting in photosynthesis
  • have a large surface area
68
Q

what is stroma

A

fluid filled matrix with enzymes for photosynthesis

69
Q

what does the chloroplast envelope control

A

movement in and out of the chloroplast

70
Q

what in the chloroplast store energy harvested through photosynthesis

A

starch granules

71
Q

starch granules in the chloroplast do what

A

store energy harvested through photosynthesis

72
Q

chloroplast has its own

A
  • genetic material
  • ribosomes
73
Q

what is the endosymbiont theory

A
  • chloroplasts and mitochondria are believed to be descended from free living prokaryotes
  • they were thought to have been engulfed by a primitive ancestral cell to the current eukaryotic cell
  • the resulting relationship is to the mutual benefit of both the prokaryote and the cell that engulfed it
74
Q

the plant cell wall is made of

A

cellulose microfibrils

75
Q

cellulose is a what type of molecule

A

polysaccharide (similar to starch)

76
Q

microfibrils are

A

fibres made of thousands of cellulose molecules joined together by other sugar molecules

77
Q

what makes the plant cell wall a very strong structure

A

cellulose microfibrils

78
Q

cell walls of adjacent cells are stuck together by

A

middle lamella

79
Q

what is the middle lamella

A
  • sticky substance containing pectin
  • when fruit ripen this layer breaks down
80
Q

what are the cell wall functions

A
  • stops the plant cell bursting when water moves in by osmosis and the volume of the cytoplasm swells
  • so gives structural support to the plant as a whole
  • involved in the transport of water into and through the plant
81
Q

what does the cell wall in algae contain

A
  • cellulose
  • different polysaccharides which makes them unique
82
Q

fungi have cell walls that are made from

A

chitin

83
Q

what are the small holes in the cell wall called

A

plasmodesmata

84
Q

what are plasmodesmata

A

small holes in the cell wall

85
Q

what does plasmodesmata do

A
  • allows cytoplasm to pass between neighbouring plant cells
  • allows the exchange of materials between the cells
86
Q

the membrane surrounding the vacuole is called the

A

tonoplast

87
Q

vacuoles contains

A

cell sap (a mixture of water, sugars, salts and amino acids)

88
Q

water can enter and leave the vacuole by

A

osmosis

89
Q

water in the vacuole does what

A
  • pushes the cell contents against the cell wall
  • since the cell wall is strong the cell doesnt burst
  • this pressure gives structural support to leaves and flowers
90
Q

which organelle manufactures ribosomal RNA

A

nucleolus

91
Q

which organelle controls the substances moving into/out of the cell

A

cell membrane

92
Q

which organelle modifies and transports proteins

A

golgi body

93
Q

which organelle converts light energy into chemical energy

A

chloroplast

94
Q

which organelle contains digestive enzymes used for intracellular digestion

A

lysosome

95
Q

which organelle makes ATP from the oxidation of glucose

A

mitochondria

96
Q

what is the site of protien synthesis and contains ribosomes

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

97
Q

what manufactures ribosomes within the nucleus

A

nucleolus

98
Q

what is involved in the processing and packaging of proteins

A

golgi apparatus

99
Q

what translates mRNA into protein

A

ribosomes

100
Q

chromatin is made of

A

DNA and protein

101
Q

what molecules are made in the nucleus and what are they used for

A
  • mRNA molecules
  • used to make proteins in the cytoplasm
102
Q

what structure in the nucleus has the primary function to produce ribosomes

A

nucleolus (nucleoli)

103
Q

mitochondria aerobically respire to produce

A

ATP

*biology (6 decks)

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