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Reproduction, urogenital, foals > Stallions > Flashcards

Stallions Flashcards

1
Q

what is a stallion?

A

entire male horse over the age of 4

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2
Q

what is a colt?

A

an entire male horse under the age of 4

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3
Q

what is a castrated male horse known as?

A

gelding

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4
Q

when do testicles descend into the scrotum?

A

at birth or shortly after (can be up to two years)

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5
Q

when do colts go through puberty?

A

12-24 months

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6
Q

when do male horses reach sexual maturity?

A

4-5 years old

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7
Q

what is the average length of spermatogenesis?

A

60 days

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8
Q

what factors can influence the quality of sperm in stallions?

A

testicular size
age
season
frequency of ejaculation
general health/injury

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9
Q

what can often be the limiting factor to how many mares a stallion can mate?

A

libido

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10
Q

what is the suggested rate for the maximum number of matings a stallion should have per week?

A

15 (two per day)

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11
Q

what should be done on a breeding examination of a stallion?

A

physical exam of external genitals
exam of internal genitals (ultrasound and endoscopy)
observe libido and mating ability
semen evaluation
testicular biopsy

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12
Q

what are most stallions tested for at the start of each breeding season?

A

CEM (contagious equine metritis)

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13
Q

what pathogen causes contagious equine metritis?

A

Taylorella equigenitalis

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14
Q

where needs to be swabbed then testing for contagious equine metritis?

A

urethra
urethral fossa
penile sheath
pre-ejaculatory fluid

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14
Q

what STIs are notifiable?

A

contagious equine metritis
equine viral arteritis (stallions/mated mares)

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15
Q
A
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15
Q
A
16
Q
A
17
Q

what does equine viral arteritis cause in pregnant mares?

A

abortions

18
Q

what can be done to protect against equine viral arteritis?

A

vaccinate with artervac

19
Q

why is equine viral arteritis so problematic in stallions?

A

they become carriers (in testicles)

20
Q

what is paraphimosis?

A

inability to retract penis into sheath

21
Q

what should be done in cases of paraphimosis?

A

support the penis with a belly bandage or GA and role penis back inside and secure with a purse string

22
Q

what is priapism?

A

prolonged erection

23
Q

what is done to treat priapism?

A

flush corpus cavernosum with heparinised saline under GA

24
Q

why should extra care be taken when rectalling stallions?

A

higher risk of rectal tears

25
Q

what are some possible neoplasms stallions can get on their penis?

A

sarcoids
squamous cell carcinoma
melanoma
papilloma

26
Q

what are the advantages of AI?

A

semen can be transported and stored (after death)
ejaculates divided to get more matings
reduces venereal disease risk
reduces post-mating endometritis

27
Q

what are the disadvatages of AI?

A

specialist skills to collect, process, inseminate
possible lower conception rates
expensive and labour intensive
not acceptable for Thoroughbreds

28
Q

how long does fresh semen last?

A

must use within a few hours

29
Q

how long does chilled semen last?

A

up to 48 hours

30
Q

how is chilled semen processed?

A

mixed with extenders and chilled to 5°C

31
Q

how is frozen semen processed?

A

mixed with extenders and cryoprotectants then frozen (complex cooling process)

32
Q

how long can frozen semen be stored for?

A

forever

33
Q

why shouldn’t normal syringes be used to inseminate mares?

A

rubber is spermicidal

34
Q

where do you insert fresh/chilled semen into the mare?

A

just through the cervix

35
Q

what is the process for inseminated with frozen semen?

A

warmed gradually to 37°C in water bath, dried, inserted in cervix or uterine horn

36
Q

when should fresh/chilled semen be inseminated relative to ovulation?

A

48 hours before

37
Q

when should frozen semen be inseminated relative to ovulation?

A

as soon as possible 12 hours before or 6 hours after

38
Q
A

Reproduction, urogenital, foals (2 decks)

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