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Reproduction, urogenital, foals > Peri-parturient problems of mare > Flashcards

Peri-parturient problems of mare Flashcards

1
Q

what are some pre-parturient issues seen in the mare?

A

colic

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2
Q

what colics can mares get pre-parturition?

A

all the normal colics
specific colics -

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3
Q

what is the prognosis of pre-parturient colics?

A

often guarded/poor (worse than normal colics)

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4
Q

why is examination of colic in the pre-parturient mare difficult?

A

rectal exam difficult due to foal
ultrasound/abdominocentesis more difficult and less useful
exploratory laparoscopy hampered by foal

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5
Q

what are some colics specific to the pre-parturient mare?

A

“foal movement”
foaling/aborting
ischaemia/necrosis/rupture of caecum or colon
uterine torsion

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6
Q

how severe is the colic seen due to “foal movement”?

A

mild/moderate

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7
Q

how is “foal movement” colic treated?

A

buscopan and phenylbutazone

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8
Q

why do pre-parturient mares get colic due to ischaemia/necrosis/rupture of caecum and colon?

A

weight of foal applies pressure to viscera or stretches the vessels

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9
Q

why are ruptures/necrosis of the caecum or colon in the pre-parturient mare difficult to treat and manage?

A

often rupture at the base of caecum which is very inaccessible especially with foal in the abdomen

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10
Q

when does uterine torsion usually occur?

A

last third of pregnancy

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11
Q

how severe is the colic caused by uterine torsion?

A

usually low grade but can be severe

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12
Q

how are uterine torsions diagnosed?

A

rectal palpation - one of the broad ligaments will be tight

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13
Q

why can vaginal examination be used to diagnose uterine torsions on the mare?

A

usually twists cranial to the cervix

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14
Q

how can uterine torsions be treated?

A

surgery (standing flank or midline)

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15
Q

what is the prognosis for uterine torsions?

A

50/50 for foal
70% of mares live

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16
Q

what is often seen in mares near term when they get very large?

A

ventral oedema (no treatment required)

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17
Q

what are some differentials for ventral oedema in the late gestation mare?

A

pre-pubic tendon rupture
hydrops amnion/allantois
just fat

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18
Q

what is pre-pubic tendon rupture?

A

the weight of foetus causes a rupture leading to a painful oedema continuous with the udder, bloody discharge in milk may be seen and mare often colics

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19
Q

how is pre-pubic tendon rupture treated and managed?

A

analgesia (phenylbutazone)
will need assistance foaling (can’t use abdomen)
don’t breed again

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20
Q

what is the prognosis for pre-pubic tendon rupture?

A

can resolve after foaling but often progresses and ends with euthanasia

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21
Q

what is hydrops amnion/allantois?

A

excessive fluid in amniotic/allantoic space eventually leading to colic, recumbency and circulatory collapse

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22
Q

how can hydrops amnion/allantois be diagnosed?

A

rectal exam (lots of fluid and foal out of reach)

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23
Q

how is hydrops amnion/allantois treated?

A

induce foaling/abortion
dilate cervix and drain fluid slowly
IV fluids

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24
Q

what is the prognosis for the foal from a mare with hydrops amnion/allantois?

A

foal often deformed

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25
Q

what are some clinical signs of placentitis?

A

premature udder development and lactation
vaginal discharge

26
Q

how is placentitis treated?

A

potentiated sulphonamides and phenylbutazone

27
Q

what is the usual outcome for placentitis?

A

abortion

28
Q

what is the most common cause of vaginal bleeding in horses?

A

varicose veins

29
Q

how is varicose veins treated?

A

usually not required (more of a concern to owner than mare)

30
Q

what can be used to relax the uterus in dystocia cases?

A

clenbuterol or buscopan

31
Q

what is controlled vaginal delivery in dystocia cases?

A

vaginal delivery under GA, preferably with the hindquarters lifted

32
Q

what can happen in uterine rupture/tear cases?

A

foal can fall into abdomen and not be palpable in the birth canal

33
Q

how should full thickness uterine tears be treated?

A

extract the foal and consider euthanasia

34
Q

what is the prognosis for full thickness uterine tears?

A

fatal haemorrhage or development of peritonitis and endotoxaemia is often fatal

35
Q

how do partial thickness smaller uterine tears present?

A

mare shows peritonitis signs after foaling

36
Q

how can most perineal lacerations be treated?

A

many will heal on their own

37
Q

what is a third degree perineal laceration?

A

full thickness tear into the rectum/anus so the rectum, vulva and vaginal all communicate

38
Q

how should third degree perineal lacerations be treated?

A

antibiotics, NSAIDs, tetanus
delay surgery for 4-6 weeks as the wound will breakdown if you repair immediately

39
Q

should cervical lacerations be treated immediately?

A

no wait until uterus has involuted a d inflammation subsides (about a month)

40
Q

what are some possible postpartum colics?

A

uterine cramps
gastrointestinal
ischaemia/necrosis/rupture of caecum and colon
inversion of uterine horns
colonic torsions
rupture of uterine artery

41
Q

how severe is colic due to uterine cramps postpartum?

A

mild/moderate (no endotoxaemia)

42
Q

how is postpartum uterine cramp colic treated?

A

buscopan and phenylbutazone

43
Q

what can cause ischaemia/necrosis/rupture of caecum or colon causing postpartum colic?

A

expulsive forces from the foaling

44
Q

why may the uterine hors invert postpartum?

A

too forceful foaling or removal or retained membranes

45
Q

how is inversion of the uterine horns postpartum treated?

A

analgesia, buscopan, manual replacement and uterine lavage

46
Q

why are postpartum mares prone to colonic torsions?

A

because of the sudden increase in space in the abdomen post foaling

47
Q

how are colonic torsions treated?

A

surgery (rapidly fatal if not treated)

48
Q

how severe if the colic caused by a ruptured uterine artery postpartum?

A

mild/moderate

49
Q

how does a colic from a ruptured uterine artery progress from a mild/moderate colic?

A

can show signs of haemorrhagic shock

50
Q

what is the prognosis for uterine artery ruptures in postpartum mares?

A

guarded - if it ruptures into the abdomen it is often rapidly fatal

51
Q

where can the uterine artery rupture into?

A

abdomen or broad ligament

52
Q

how is uterine artery rupture treated?

A

keep quiet (sedate)
analgesia, IV fluids
blood transfusion, clotting agents

53
Q

what is a possible complication that can occur due to uterine prolapse?

A

rupture of uterine vessels

54
Q

how are uterine prolapses treated?

A

clean uterus and replace under an epidural
give oxytocin once replaced
NSAIDs and broad spectrum antibiotics

55
Q

how long should it take for mares to pass the foetal membranes?

A

roughly 2 hours

56
Q

how long is it considered abnormal for a mare to not pass the foetal membranes?

A

4 hours

57
Q

why are retained foetal membranes so problematic?

A

rapidly breakdown leading to metritis which induces an endotoxaemia causing severe laminitis and death

58
Q

how are retained foetal membranes treated?

A

oxytocin, broad spectrum antibiotics, flunixin
manual removal if oxytocin doesn’t work

59
Q

how should the foetal membranes appear when checking them?

A

F shaped

60
Q

if there is part of the foetal membrane missing after expulsion/removal, what should be done?

A

if the fragment can’t be located lavage uterus until fluid runs clear then administer oxytocin
should be examined and repeated after 12-24 hours

61
Q
A

Reproduction, urogenital, foals (2 decks)

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