Stalins Revolution 1928-1941 Flashcards
Who were the kulaks?
A richer class of peasant formed from the NEP
Why did Stalin want to collectivise?
Economic: Poor harvest 1927-29 Poor living and working conditions Grain surpluses needed to sell abroad Large farms would increase efficiency
Political:
Struggle against B
More appealing than r-wing policy of grain imports
Stalin had limited understanding of agriculture
Ideological:
Peasants still doing traditional farming
Peasants lacked revolutionary spirit, becoming capitalists
What was the kulak grain strike?
Kulaks withheld grain to push up prices on the free market
What did Stalin revive after the kulak grain strike?
The policy of grain requisitioning
-used this as evidence for NEPs failure
In the course of collectivisation, what emergency measures were taken?
Winter 1928-29=rationing due to bread and sugar shortages
End of 1928=grain requisitioning reintroduced-under article 107 of soviet criminal code hoarding could be punished
Spring 1929=started meat requisitioning
Middle of 1929=article 61 revised of criminal code so kulaks could be sent to labour camps for up to 2 years for disobeying state instructions
Why did Stalin introduce dekulakisation?
Marked end of capitalism
Vastly increased the speed of collectivisation
How did Stalin try to appeal to the peasants to lead the way for collectivisation?
Poorest peasants could share kulak resources and get a better harvest
How did the peasants react to Stalins appeals for collectivisation?
The majority of them rebelled
-collectivisation meant a loss of independence and a financial loss
They destroyed grain, cattle and equipment rather than surrender it to collective farms
What did the peasants destroy in the rebellions against collectivisation 1929-33?
18 million horses
100 million sheep and goats
Kulaks also destroyed what machinery they had
What were the ‘twenty-five thousanders’ originally supposed to be?
-how many volunteered for the program?
Intended to be 25,000 industrially conscious workers trained up to offer technical support to peasants
-27,000 workers volunteered
What was the actual role of the ‘twenty-five thousanders’?
Used to enforce dekulakisation
- expected to find secret grain stores and confiscate them
- round up and exile kulaks
- force remaining peasants into collective farms
What was “dizzy with success”?
- when was it published?
- where was it published?
An article where Stalin defended the policy of collectivisation, said some had been over-enthusiastic with its implementation but never admitted the problems
- 30 march 1930
- communist paper Pravda
How many died during the famine of 1931?
Around 10 million
How was the famine of 1931 caused by (and worsened) by government action?
Caused it by setting unrealistic targets
- in order to meet targets, all grain was confiscated
- Stalin set up military checkpoints t stop food entering Ukraine
- rejected international aid offers
How many were exiled overall as part of dekulakisation?
Between 9.5 and 10 million
How many kulak families were sent to Siberia in 1929?
And 1930?
And 1931?
150,000
- 240,000
- 285,000
In some cases what percentage of peasants in a village were exiled under dekulakisation?
10%
What effect did collectivisation have on the communist spirits of the peasants?
It filled them with anger and resentment
- unrealistic targets
- little incentive
- most farms barely able to cover production costs
How did the 1933 Harvey differ from that of 1926?
It was nine million tonnes less
What happened to livestock numbers 1928-32?
Number of horses halved
Number of pigs dropped 65%
What was agreed by the central committee in June 1930?
The creation of a national network of machine tractor stations (MTSs)
When were the MTSs actually implemented?
-what were MTSs?
Early 1931
-they were designed to provide machinery and training (but also exercise political control over collective farms)
Why were few farms able to afford new machinery?
The government kept the price of hiring tractors high to extract more grain from peasants
(ALTHOUGH THIS FLAWED LOGIC MAKES NO FUCKING SENSE, WELL DONE STALIN)
How many tractors and MTSs were avaliable by 1932?
75,000 tractors
2,500 MTSs
How many farms were left out of the Russian MTS network?
Half of Russian farms
How many households had been collectivised by 1930?
-how many by 1941?
25% by 1930
100% by 1941
How did grain procurement increase under collectivisation?
1928-11 million tonnes
1929-16 million tonnes
1933-23 million tonnes
How did grain exports improve under collectivisation?
0.03 million tonnes in 1928
To
5 million tonnes in 1931
How did living conditions for industrial workers get worse?
1928-32:
Value of their wages halved
Amount of meat consumed by workers fell 2/3
What percentage of soviet citizens were working class in 1939? What was this number in 1928?
- 50% 1939
- 20% 1928
What happened to the numbers of Russians living in cities between 1922-40?
Rose 22 million -> 63 million
When was the first five year plan?
October 1928-December 1932
When was the second five year plan?
January 1933-December 1937
When was the third five year plan?
January 1938-June 1941
What successes did the first five year plane have?
Caused russian economy to grow at a rate of about 14% a year
Urban pop trebled Existing members of working class promoted to mangers/retrained as engineers or administrators 150,000 newly trained working class 'red specialists' brought in
What were some of the failures of the first five year plan?
Struggle to meet targets
Poor quality/products never got used up
Worse diet, consumer goods disappeared, 7-day working week
Miners worked in unsafe conditions
Harsh labour discipline
Prisoners forced to work (“white coal”) had no rights
Encouraged black market-illegal trade in vodka, cigarettes, food and shoes
How many workers were transported to Magnitogorsk?
250,000
On average, after how many days did workers leave Magnitogorsk?
82 days
How many prison workers worker in Magnitogorsk?
40,000