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Stalins Russia > Persecution And Control > Flashcards

Persecution And Control Flashcards

0
Q

When was Kirov elected chairman of the Leningrad party?

A

1927

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1
Q

How is totalitarianism different to a dictatorship?

A

It demands enthusiasm and commitment form its citizens

Tsarist just expects a lack of opposition

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2
Q

What factors were the cause of the Great terror?

A

The congress of victors

Stalins paranoia

Terror economics

Kirov’s murder

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3
Q

When was the congress of victors?

A

February 1934

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4
Q

How many votes did Kirov receive in the congress of victors compared to Stalin?

A

(K) 1225 votes:927 votes (S)

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5
Q

What did a group of old bolsheviks try and persuade Kirov to do?

A

Stand as general secretary although he refused

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6
Q

Why was Stalins paranoia growing?

A

Concerned he would suffer the same fate of T, Z and B (fall from power)

Distrusted his former rivals/old communists

Yagoda fuelled suspicions to try and win Stalins favour

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7
Q

How did the great terror serve great economic functions?

A

1) allowed Stalin to blame economic problems on his old rivals
- industrial ‘wreckers’ under employ of Z, T and B according to Stalin

2) mass of cheap labour
- prisoners in gulags formed slave labour

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8
Q

Name of a trial/s where the accused were tried and found guilty of economic sabotage?

A

Trail of the Shakhty engineers

Menshevik trial of 1931

Trial of state agricultural and farm officials in 1933

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9
Q

When did the OGPU become the NKVD?

A

July 1934

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10
Q

When was Kirov assassinated?

A

December 1934

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11
Q

Who was blamed for the murder of Kirov in 1934?

A

Leonid Nikolayev-supposedly working for a ‘Trotskyist-zinovite’ terror group

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12
Q

Which major rivals did Stalin arrest for the murder of Kirov in 1934?

A

Zinoviev and kamenev

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13
Q

How many people were rooted out and exiled as ‘Trotskyites’ in party organisations in Leningrad?

A

30,000-40,000

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14
Q

When did yagoda become head of the NKVD?

A

July 1934

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15
Q

How many people had been convicted, executed and sent to prison camps in 1931-6?

A

Convictions: 180,600 -> 274,600
Executions: 10,600 -> 1,100
Prison camp: 105,600 -> 219,400

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16
Q

When was the trial of the 16?

  • who was convicted?
  • what happened to Z and K?
A

August 1936

  • Z, K and 14 other comrades were convicted for Kirovs murder and conspiracy with foreign governments
  • Z and K were shot after ‘confessing’ (they believed they would be pardoned after ‘confessing’)
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17
Q

When was the trial of the 17?

  • what were the charges?
  • how many were executed?
A

January 1937

  • plotting with foreign powers, terrorism, sabotage
  • 13 of the 17 were executed, the last 4 sent to gulags
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18
Q

When was the trial of the 21?

  • who was convicted?
  • what were the charges, particularly on B?
  • what happened to B?
A

March 1938

  • bukharin, rykov and their ‘accomplices’
  • attempting to overthrow socialism, B was charged with attempts at assassinating Lenin
  • B was shot
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19
Q

How did Stalin justify the increasing terror in Russia 1936-38?

A 
The doctrine of 'sharpening class struggle'
-theory that as socialism advanced, class struggle intensified
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20
Q

When was the doctrine of sharpening class struggle officially adopted by the communist party?

A

Feb-march 1937

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21
Q

When did yezhov become head of the NKVD?

A

September 1936

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22
Q

Why had Stalin never fully trusted Yagoda?

A

Thought the way the trial of the 16 and Kirovs murder had t been firm enough

Yezhov played on Stalins paranoia and suggested yagoda step down

Allowed Tomsky to commit suicide before his trial

Secret report in 1928 claimed Yagoda supported the right-wing

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23
Q

How did Stalin try and speed up the NKVD?

A

Set targets for arrests, executions and exiles

Purged the NKVD in 1937

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24
Q

How many party members were convicted of being enemies of the people between 1934 and 1938?

A

330,000

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25
Q

How many were convicted in the purge of the red army?

A

8 generals

34,000 soldiers

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26
Q

What was Order no. 00447 issued by the politburo?

A

It demanded the removal of ‘anti-socialist’ elements in Russian society

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27
Q

How many people were on the NKVD list of anti-soviet involvement?

A

250,000

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28
Q

How did the Russian people contribute to the state-sponsored executions?

A

Many chose to denounce their friends and neighbours in order to prove their loyalty

Workers would denounce their bosses in the hopes of getting promoted

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29
Q

When did yezhov resign from the NKVD?

A

November 1938

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30
Q

When was yezhov arrested?

-when was he executed?

A

April 1939

-February 1940

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31
Q

When was Trotsky killed?

A

20th august 1940 by an NKVD agent

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32
Q

Who took over the NKVD from yezhov?

A

Beria

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33
Q

How many NKVD agents were killed in purges?

A

Over 23,000

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34
Q

How many did yagodas NKVD convict?

A

Over 500,000 of which:

  • 2,300 shot
  • 405,000 sent to prison camps
35
Q

Which nationality groups did he NKVD have specific arrest targets for?

A

Poles, Romanians and Latvians

36
Q

At the height of the terror, how many were arrested by the NKVD?

A

1.5 million of which:
Over 635,000 were exiled
Over 680,000 were shot

37
Q

What could happen to older children of the arrested?

A

Likely to be expelled from university

38
Q

What could happen to school age children of the arrested?

A

Subjected to ritual humiliation form teachers and peers

39
Q

What were children of the arrested expected to do?

A

Expected to publicly disown and renounce their parents

40
Q

What happened to the existing management of soviet industry?

A

Accused of being wreckers, scapegoated for problems, turned over to the NKVD

41
Q

What did junior party members do to those who sought election the 1937 spring elections?

A

Interrogated them and unmasked many as ‘enemies of the people’

42
Q

How did he party committee at the Yaroslavl factory decide who to elect?

A

Their 800 members attended meetings every evening for over a month

43
Q

How could victories of the terror try and create a new identity?

A

Women could change their class origins by marrying members of the working class

Forged identity papers-since official documents contained no photos they could be easily faked

Destroy existing documents and bribe a local official to invent a new biography

44
Q

How did kulak daughter Aanna dubova escape exile?

A

Married a working man and enrolled in a factory school

45
Q

Who was Vladimir Gromov?

-how was he punished?

A

He impersonated a prize-winning architect and engineer, using his false identity to persuade the government to pay him a million roubles in advance for a government project
-sentenced to 10 years in a gulag

46
Q

How did the purges impact on economic planing?

A

Made it possible to plan effectively

-many party members felt compelled to lie about the economy to avoid arrest/execution

47
Q

In 1929, what % did the Donbas region account for in Russian coal production?

A

77%

48
Q

Between 1939 and 1938 how much of the Donbas coal mining management had been purged?
-what happened to coal production?

A

1/4 of management

-coal production fell dramatically

49
Q

What did The Moscow show trials ‘prove’ about Stalins opposition?

A

Hat they had all opposed him for corrupt reasons

50
Q

How did Stalin divert people’s attention form the economic problems during the great terror?

A

Encouraged Russia’s “little people” to hold their bosses to account

51
Q

How were Kazan party bosses targeted in local show trials?

A

They were accused of misusing governments funding

Their luxurious lifestyles were attacked (deposits this being part of the position anyway)

52
Q

How many in the army were executed between February 1937 and November 1938?

A

39,000 officers

3,000 naval officers

53
Q

Why did Stalin purge military intelligence?

A

He blamed them for not warning him of Germany’s plan to invade Russia

54
Q

Why did Stalin have to retract his policy of shooting under-performing generals?

A

Russia needed military expertise to fight Germany

-2 generals w being tortured in the gulags were released onto the front against Germany

55
Q

What happened to the 130,000 kalmyks in regions under threat of German invasion?

A

They were forcibly moved to Siberia

By 1953, only 53,000 survived

56
Q

What happened to the 460,000 Chechen people in regions threatened by German invasion?

A

Beria ordered them to be move in 7 days but this was halted by harsh weather
Those who hadn’t been moved were locked in barns and burned alive

57
Q

What did the Yalta conference agree?

A

POWs would be returned to their country of origin

58
Q

How many Russian soldiers were returned home?

-how were they treated?

A
  1. 5 million
    - they were treated like traitors
    - hey had disobeyed Stalins order not to get captured
    - they had been exposed to western culture
    - many were interrogated and exiled
59
Q

What happened to Jews under ‘cosmopolitan’ purges?

A

Removed form diplomacy and military

1945- 12% of senior gov and industrial Mangers were Jewish -> 4% by 1951

60
Q

What did Stalin regard Leningrad as?

A

Like ‘an Island in the pacific’

61
Q

How many Leningrad party members were sacked?

A

Over 1000 of which 200 were arrested and charged with being traitors to the motherland

62
Q

How many top physicians were arrested after Stalins doctor suggest he reduce his workload?
-why did the doctors survive?

A

30 including Stalins physician prof. Vinogradov

-Stalin died before they could be executed

63
Q

What was socialist realism?

A

Full of party spirit, national spirit and art reflecti new thinking

64
Q

What was introduced in April 1932?

A

The ‘decree on the reformation of literary-artistic organisations’-established the union of soviet writers

65
Q

What was established in 1929 to refocus the attention of artists?

A

The All-union co-operative of workers in representational arts

66
Q

What did the all-union co-operative do in spirit of the five year plans?

A

Set targets for the number of art works predicted and their subject matter

67
Q

In July 1930, where were 200 artists sent in their 2 month placements?

A

To collective farms and construction sites

-meant to record the heroic work they witnessed

68
Q

What was the KPDI and when was it created?

A

A committee for art affairs’ which began a purge of soviet artists
-established in 1936

69
Q

What did Stalin believe revolutionary art should express?

A

Government opinion rather than individual creativity

70
Q

When was socialist realism officially adopted by the all-union congress of soviet writers?

A

1934

72
Q

What was Gustavs klucis commisoned to produce for the third 5 year plan?

A

A poster portraying heroic workers mining

-“In the storm of the third five year plan”

73
Q

What did valentine kataev write?

A

A novel celebrating the production of steel “Forward, oh time!”

74
Q

What was the union of soviet architects commissioned to do?

A

Redesign Russia’s cities

75
Q

What happened to Moscow under the 1935 general plan?

A

The Moscow metro stations were transformed into palaces with crystal chandeliers and grand marble columns

76
Q

Which government buildings were rebuilt in a grand style?

A

The peoples commissariat for defence

The Frunze military academy

77
Q

What was the ‘myth of two leaders’?

A

Stalin putting himself alongside Lenin in soviet history and eliminating other important communists eg Trotsky

78
Q

What two histories were published in 1938?

A

The short course of history of the all-union communist party

The short biography of Stalin

79
Q

Which communists were removed from photographs, art and history?

A

Trotsky, zinoviev, other former leaders and purged communists

80
Q

In Maria Krickova’s “The tale of Lenin” how are Lenin and Stalin described?

A 
Lenin= the sun
Stalin= the light hat overcomes the darkness (Lenin's death)
81
Q

What was the cult of personality?

A

The cult of Lenin
Created a powerful new symbol allowing Russian citizens to connect with the regime

Often used religious language to describe him
1930-Lenin’s tomb in Moscow rebuilt

82
Q

What was the cult of impersonality?

A

The cult of Stalin
Link him in importance to Lenin
Very little of Stalins history known

Emphasised his leadership in the war

83
Q

What did Stalin write in 1950 to promote himself as an intellectual?

A

‘Marxism and problems of linguistics’

84
Q

What did the cult of Stalin focus on as opposed to Stalins history?

A

The glamour of the soviet regime

-stalk often photographed with Air Force Heros, stakhanovites, and Russian explorers

85
Q

What did Stalins birthday become?

A

A national holiday with parades of marching troops

86
Q

What new ideology was suggested to support the ‘myth of two leaders’?

A

‘Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism’

87
Q

What was created to inspire workers in industry?

A

Sculpture for Moscow ball-bearing factory-a 10m diameter ball-bearing

Sculpture for Dniester power station more than 70m wide

Stalins Russia (4 decks)

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