Stalin Flashcards
from 1924-28 who was on the right wing (S)
bukharin and followers
from 1924-28 who was on the left wing (S)
trotsky and followers
from 1924-28 who was in the centre (S)
stalin and followers
1924-28 what did the left wing want (S)
- dictatorship of industry
- collectivisation
- state take all profit
- not go back to WC because caused chaos
1924-28 what did the right wing want (S)
- social peace
- liked NEP for peace and slow economic growth
- return to policies similar to WC
1924-28 what did the centre want (S)
- practical policies to improve econ
- supported NEP until growth rates declined
generally, what were the 5 aims of the 5 year plans (S)
- industrialise
- catch up w UK and US
- prep for war
- defeat opponents
- remove inefficiencies
when was the first 5 year plan (S)
1928-1932
what was the aim of the first 5 year plan (S)
create heavy industry, build a skill base and cities
what 5 types of industry were targeted in the first 5 year plan (S)
- oil
- coal
- machinery
- steel
- electricity
compare the 1928 and 1932 levels of oil production (S)
1928 - 11.7 mill tonnes
1932 - 21.4 mill tonnes
compare the 1928 and 1932 levels of machinery production (S)
1928 - 1822
1932 - 7362
out of the 5 types of industry focussed on in the first 5 year plan, which targets were achieved (S)
target for oil, machinery and electricity
what was a social consequence of the first 5 year plan (S)
the urban population tripled and there was social mobility
what was a problem with the first 5 year plan (S)
production was greater than consumption leaving unused products 40% waste
which of the 5 year plans is magnitogorsk associated with (S)
first 5 year plan
what was magnitogorsk (S)
an industrial city with russia’s LARGEST STEEL FACTORY, ‘magnetic mountain’
how many workers first went to magnitogorsk (S)
1/4 million
on average how long did workers spend at magnitogorsk before leaving to find other work (S)
82 days
how many prison workers and volunteers went to magnitogorsk (S)
40,000
how many people lived in magnitogorsk before it was developed (S)
25
how many people lived in magnitogorsk after 3 years (S)
25000
what was the result of magnitogorsk (S)
a major industrial centre created
why did people volunteer to go to magnitogorsk (S)
they believed the propaganda of a utopia - modern accomodation etc
what was the reality of magnitogorsk for workers (S)
tents/mud houses, poor sanitation, some homeless
what is meant by targetmania (S)
the very high targets set by gosplan which made it look like a failure despite massive improvements
what were the 3 problems with the first 5 year plan (S)
- lack of light industry
- 40% waste
- targetmania
what evidence is there of the ignoring of light industry during the first 5 year plan (S)
shoe queue of 1000 in moscow
when was the second 5 year plan (S)
1933-1937
what was the aims of the second 5 year plan (S)
focus : develop communication and transport around russia
when were the three good years and what is that referring to (S)
1934-1936 = improving living conditions
what two transport systems were made during the second 5 year plan (S)
Moscow Metro 1935
Moscow-Volga Canal 1937
when was the moscow metro made (S)
1935
when was the moscow-volga canal made (S)
1937
what creation helped boost communication during the second 5 year plan (S)
the Dnieprostroi Dam
what was the significance of the Dnieprostroi Dam (S)
increased electricity production by 5 times
which individual is associated with the second 5 year plan (S)
Alexi Stakhanov
in what way was alexi stakhanov a propaganda campaign (S)
he was a real person but what he did was staged in an attempt to improve work incentive
what was stakhanov said to do (S)
original : mine 102 tonnes of coal in 6 hours
then : mine 227 tonnes in 6 hours
what makes stakhanov’s original achievement unbelievable (S)
mining 102 tonnes of coal in 6 hours is 14 times the amount of the average miner
what was the idea behind the stakhanov propaganda campaign (S)
good work is rewarded with benefits
what rewards did stakhanov get (S)
- apartment
- months salary (200 roubles)
- phone
- holiday
- fame
did the stakhanov campaign work (S)
yes production increased
when was the third 5 year plan (S)
1938-1941
what was the aim of the third 5 year plan (S)
prepare for war - heavy industry focussed on military production
in 1940 what fraction of government investment was into the army (S)
1/3
during the third 5 year plan what happened to steel production (S)
stagnated
during the third 5 year plan what happened to coal production (S)
increased
during the third 5 year plan what happened to oil production (S)
rose marginally
what was the social consequence of the third 5 year plan (S)
harsh work discipline
how did gosplan aid the third 5 year plan (S)
ordered the construction of aircraft and factories
what changed did stalin make to the economy during the war (S)
centralised economy made mobilising war resources more effective
what change did stalin make to factories during the war (S)
civilian factories (consumer goods) changed for military production
between 1943 and 1945 how many tanks and airplanes were made (S)
tanks - 75,000
planes - 94,000
what impact did the war have on agriculture (S)
grain production was low so cultivation on private plots was allowed
what were the internal passports for (S)
to stop workers moving around towns to find better pay as this made production less effective
overall what are the consequences of the 5 year plans (S)
- transformed econ
- met needs of war
- unbalanced econ (military over consumer goods)
- wasteful
during the second 5 year plan what happened to steel production (S)
it trebbled
why was the third 5 year plan less effective than the first (S)
the use of terror meant there were less skilled industry professionals - engineers, planning teams, managers
post war what the plans for the economy (S)
full scale reconstruction, consumer goods more focus and military spending (cold war_
in the 4th 5 year plan what was the investment into heavy industry (S)
88%
what were industrial growth levels like during the 4th 5 year plan and why (S)
extremely high because of high investment
in 1952 what proportion of the gov budget was military spending (S)
1/4
in the 4th 5 year plan what was the investment into consumer goods and food production (S)
12%
what happened to the production of consumer goods during the 4th 5 year plan (S)
doubled
what social problems were there during the 4th 5 year plan (S)
- low wages
- resconstruction of factories > homes
during the war how many people were homeless (S)
25 million
what were the production levels like during the war compared to 1940 (S)
2/3 of what they were in 1940
in the 4th 5 year plan what did output increase by (S)
80%
when was the 5th 5 year plan (S)
1951-1955
what was the focus of the 5th 5 year plan (S)
cold war military spending
in what year did grain production return to pre war levels (S)
1952
what change was made to electricity production in the first 5 year plan (S)
trebbled
what change was made to coal and iron production in the first 5 year plan (S)
doubled
what change was made to steel production in the first 5 year plan (S)
increased 1/3
what was the purpose behind collectivisation (S)
feed industrial workers
what is collectivisation in simple terms (S)
pooling of labour and resources
what were the political reasons for collectivisation (S)
- more appealing than imports
- competition w US for efficiency
- ideology = propaganda for working together
what were the economic reasons for collectivisation (S)
- poor harvests
- selling grain surplus abroad = boost econ
- increase efficiency
- accompained by mechanisation
what were the ideological reasons for collectivisation (S)
- so capitalist peasants would accept socialism
- to improve revolutionary spirit
when was the grain procurement crisis (S)
1927-29
what was the grain procurement crisis (S)
capitalist peasants withheld grain so the gov had to buy it off them for even higher prices
how did grain procurement originally work (S)
gov buys the grain off peasants after they take what they need
when were the bad grain harvests
1926-29
what are kulaks (S)
richer peasants
when were the emergency measures put in place (S)
1928-29
why were the emergency measures put in place (S
in response to grain procurement crisis
what were the emergency measures (S)
stalin rewarded peasants who told on their neighbours hiding grain
what was the punishment for being found to be hiding grain (S)
labour camp for 2 years
when was forced collectivisation ordered (S)
dec 1929
when was ‘dizzy with success’ publsihed (S)
march 1930
what is meant by the liquidation of the kulaks (S)
stalin ordered the end of capitalism and independent farming - poor peasants could now use kulak resources and share harvests
what was the response to the liquidation of the kulaks (S)
the kulaks rebelled = destroyed their grain and livestock and machinery so gov didn’t benefit from it
during de-kulakisation how many were sent to labour camps (S)
1.5 million
due to the slaughter of livestock by the kulaks how long did it take for production to return to pre war levels (S)
didn’t return until 1953
who were the twenty five thousanders (S)
volunteers from the city to help revolutionise the countryside
what werethe twenty five thousanders told they were going to do (S)
strengthen work ethic, help grain harvest
what did the twenty five thousanders end up actually doing (S)
help enforce collectivisation and exile kulaks
what was ‘dizzy with success’ (S)
an article where stalin defended collectivisation saying the targets were met which is why the programme was suspended (never apologised)
what was the reality behind dizzy with success (S)
- human cost of collectivisation
- chaos for econ
- hostility to gov
what is the real reason s haulted collectivisation compared to dizzy with success (S)
real - econ and political problems
dizzy with success - targets met
what happened to kulaks being found of hiding grain (S)
exiled to siberia labour camps (cattle trucks so unlikely to survive journey) or shot
why was there a famine (S)
gov set unrealistic production targets - wouldn’t be met - farmers punished by seizure of grain - less for them
when was grain requisitioning and rationing reintroduced (S)
1928
what were the social consequences of the famine (S)
grain left rotting with starving peasants nearby, hiding grain would result in death
when was the famine (S)
1932-1933
how many died in the famine (S)
6 million
in 1930 what was the rate of collectivisation (S)
25%
in 1932 what was the rate of collectivisation (S)
60%
in 1935 what was the rate of collectivisation (S)
80%
in 1941 what was the rate of collectivisation (S)
100%
what were the collective farms called (S)
kolkhoz
what were the state farms called (S)
sovkhoz
what were the political consequences of collectivisation (S)
- heavy resistance
- spread of party control
how many horses and how many cattle were killed in the kulak rebellion (S)
17 mill horses
26 mill cattle
what were the social consquences of collectivisation (S)
- remove tradition
- remove capitalist class
what was the decline in cattle between 1928 and 1932 (S)
halved
what was the decline in grain production from 1928 to 1934 (S)
1928 = 73.3 mill tonnes
1934= 67.6 mill tonnes
when was mechanisation on farms (S)
mid 1930s
why were the benefits of mechanisation not felt (S)
tractors made up for the loss of horses
how many tractors were created during mechanisation (S)
75,000
what were the levels of grain procurement in 1928 and 1933 (S)
1928 = 10.8 mill tonnes
1933 = 22.6 mill tonnes
what was the amount of grain export in 1928 aqnd 1931 (S)
1928 = less than 1 mill
1931 = 5 mill
what were the economic impacts of collectivisation (S)
- decline in meat and milk
- decline in grain
- famine
- poor planning
- grain exports
what percentage of livestock was killed by the kulaks (S)
25-30%
when was voluntary collectivisation (S)
1928
when was compulsory collectivisation (S)
1929
when the famine began what percentage of farms were collectivised (S)
62%
what was the sovkhoz (S)
state farms where workers paid wage like in a factory
what was the kolkhoz (S)
50-100 households, pooled resources, paid based on profit made
