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Stains Flashcards

1
Q

Haematoxylin and Eosin

A

Haematoxylin - genetic material - blue
Eosin - proteins - pink

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2
Q

Masons Trichrome Stain

A

Connective tissue - blue
Nuclei - dark red/purple
Cytoplasm - pink

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3
Q

Periodic Acid Schiff

A

Carbohydrates - pink
Fungal infection

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4
Q

Gram stain

A

Crystal violet - thick peptidoglycan layer of Gram +ve bacteria stained purple
Carbol-fuchsin - Gram -ve bacteria stained pink

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5
Q

Immunohistochemistry

A

Detection of antigens in tissue using antibodies with linked enzymes that react with a substrate to produce a colour change

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6
Q

In situ hybridisation

A

Detection of antigens in tissue with labelled DNA probes

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7
Q

Fluorescence Microscopy

A

Detection of antigens in tissue using fluorescent probes - requires special light microscope able to filter out different colours of light

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8
Q

Flow cytometry

A

Analysis of blood cells with an automated machine based on fluorescent or light scattering characteristics

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9
Q

Causative agents of Mastitis in cows

A

Streptococcus uberis, E. Coli, staphylococcus aureus

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10
Q

Causative agents of Mastitis in Sheep

A

Staphylococcus aureus, Pasteurella haemolytica

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11
Q

Types of Mastitis

A

Acute, chronic, sub-clinical, (cattle: environmental, contagious)

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12
Q

Causative agents of digital dermatitis

A

Treponema genus

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13
Q

Causative agent of footrot

A

Dichelobacter nodus

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14
Q

Causative agent of Johnes

A

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

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15
Q

What is ketosis

A

Increased levels of acetone, acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate

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16
Q

Excessively curly coat

A

Hypertrichosis

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17
Q

Protein in urine

A

Kidney (renal) disease/tumor/infection

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18
Q

Keytones in urine

A

Diabetes mellitus and starvation

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19
Q

Bilirubin in urine

A

Liver damage, anaemia

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20
Q

Blood in urine

A

Kidney damage/infection
Bladder cancer
Blood disorder

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21
Q

WBCs in urine

A

Urinary tract infections

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22
Q

Crystals in urine

A

Hypercalcaemia

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23
Q

Factors effecting [protein] in blood

A

Increase: dehydration
Decrease: haemorrhage, deficiency, some viruses

24
Q

Factors effecting [albumin] in blood

A

Increases: dehydration
Decreases: bleeding heart/liver failure

25
Q

Factors affecting [BUN] in blood

A

Increases: dietary excesses/deficiencies, heart/kidney failure
Decreases: liver failure, low protein diet

26
Q

Factors effecting [creatinine] blood

A

Increases: kidney disorders, muscle damage

27
Q

Factors effecting glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)/Y glutamyl transferase (Y GT) in blood

A

Increase: liver damage

28
Q

Haemocytometer

A

Thick glass microscope slide with gridded chamber

29
Q

Plasma tube

A

Separates blood into plasma leucocytes & thrombocytes and erythrocytes.

30
Q

Serum tube

A

separates blood into serum and a fibrin clot

31
Q

Neutrophil

A

Most abundant WBC
12-15μm, 2-4 lobed N, light cytoplasm, sparse granules
First cell to move to pathogen sites
Large no. in abscesses and pus (dead)

32
Q

Heterophil

A

Most abundant WBC in rabbits, birds and reptiles
Similar role to neutrophils
Internal granules stain red

33
Q

Basophil

A

12-20μm, ill-defined N.
Dense blue granules in cytoplasm
Produce histamine - allergic reactions
Rare in normal healthy blood

34
Q

Eosinophil

A

12-20μm, 2 lobed N.
Orange granules, blue cytoplasm
Associated with parasite infection and allergies
Rare in healthy blood

35
Q

B cell

A

Antibody production

36
Q

T cell

A

Key roles in Cell mediated immunity and immunological tolerance

37
Q

NK cell

A

Dual roles in innate and adaptive immunity
Kill virally infected cells

38
Q

Monoclonal antibody production

A

Splenic and mycloma cells fused to creat hybridoma cell which produces a monoclonal antibody

39
Q

Monoclonal antibody description

A

Recognises a single epitope on one antigen

40
Q

Polyclonal antibody

A

Can recognise multiple epitopes on one antigen
Taken from immunised animals, a mixture of antibodies produced by different B cells

41
Q

PCR description

A

Amplification of a small amount of pathogen DNA using pathogen specific primers

42
Q

PCR Process

A

Pathogen DNA denatured >90°C
Primer annealing 55°C
DNA polymerase adds individual nucleotides 70°C
Repeat
DNA strands separated by gel electrophoresis
DNA visualises with fluorescent dye

43
Q

Proteomics

A

Determines presence and size of proteins based on charge separation

44
Q

Western blotting process

A

Protein mixture separated through gel electrophoresis
Separated proteins transferred onto membrane (Gel elec.)
Membrane probed with enzyme linked antibody

45
Q

Endoparasites of dogs and cats

A

Lungworm roundworm tapeworm

46
Q

Endoparasites of cows and sheep

A

Liver fluke, stomach/lungworm, barber pole worm

47
Q

Endoparasites of pigs

A

Large round worm, red stomach worm, threadworm

48
Q

Endoparasites of chickens

A

Roundworm, Coccidia

49
Q

Endoparasites of horses

A

Large and small nematodes

50
Q

Faecal flotation

A

Nematode and cestode eggs and protozoa float
Trematode eggs and faecal matter sink

51
Q

General Purpose Media

A

Grows a broad spectrum of microorganisms
Contains meat/yeast extract
Ions and salt

52
Q

Enriched media

A

Complex organic substrates eg. Blood serum and growth factors (AAs, vitamins)
Indicator medium for haemolytic bacteria - used for streptococci ID

53
Q

Selective media

A

Eg.MacConkey media: contains bile salts, crystal violet, pH indicator, lactose
No growth of gram positive bacteria

54
Q

Differential/indicator media

A

Addition of metabolic substances means different bacteria grow in distinguishable colonies
No growth of gram positive bacteria

55
Q

Haemagglutination inhibition assay

A

At certain concentrations a virus will bind together RBCs in a pellet at the base of the tube - this enables the estimation of number of viral particles.

Pahd (2 decks)

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