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Pahd2 Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Treatment of ketosis

A

Increase blood glucose by drenching with propylene glycol

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2
Q

Causative agent of Johnes

A

Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis

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3
Q

Why is MAP resistant to gram staining

A

Cell wall contains lipids and mycolic acids

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4
Q

MAP can survive in the environment for how long and why

A

High lipid content = low permeability, resistance to temperature UV disinfection and dessication

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5
Q

Causative agents of coccidiosis

A

Cattle: cryptosporidium parvum (crypto) and Eimeria genus
Sheep: Eimeria genus

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6
Q

Barbesia divergens Host

A

Tick - Ixodes ricinis

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7
Q

Barbesia divergens treatment

A

Imidocarb dispropionate and blood transfusions

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8
Q

What are protozoa

A

Eukaryotic unicellular consume bacteria 10-50μm

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9
Q

Grp 1 protozoa

A

Flagellates eg. Giardia sp.

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10
Q

Grp. 2 protozoa

A

Amoebae (blob-like) eg. Entamoeba sp.

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11
Q

Grp 3 protozoa

A

Sporozoans/Apicomplexa don’t move much eg Coccidia sp.

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12
Q

Grp 4 protozoa

A

Ciliates eg. Balantidium sp.

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13
Q

Causative agents of infectious abortion

A

Toxoplasma gondii
Neospora caninum

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14
Q

What is a Trophozoite

A

Pathogenic stage of parasitic Protozoa: Active feeding, multiplying stage - growing and causing symptoms

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15
Q

Binary fission of protozoa

A

Asexual reproduction 2 daughter cells formed

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16
Q

Schizogony

A

Asexual reproduction
More than 2 daughter cells formed

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17
Q

Protozoa reproduction

A

Most both asexual and sexual can occur in same host (cryptosporidium), different hosts (plasmodium), or same or different (Toxoplasma)

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18
Q

Pathology of cryptosporidium parvum

A

Mucosal changes: stunting swelling and fusion of villi
Activity of membrane bound enzymes affected - can no longer absorb efficiently

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19
Q

Overweight

A

Body composition where the levels of body fat exceed those considered optimal for good health

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20
Q

Obese

A

Being overweight to the extent that serious effects on the individuals health become likely (15-30% more than overweight)

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21
Q

Obesity risk factors

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A

Gender neutering genetics age activity feeding diseases eg hyperthyroidism

22
Q

Obesity and adipose tissue

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A

Adipose tissue is not an inert store of fat. Releases adipokines which influence satiety, insulin resistance and inflammatory modulators (constant proinflammatory state)

23
Q

What is laminitis

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A

The laminae in the hoof swell up and put pressure on the inside of the hoof capsule causing lameness

24
Q

Principles of weight loss control

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A
  1. Reduce calorie intake
  2. Increase exercise
  3. Recheck
25
What is PPID
Degeneration and hyperplasia/hypertrophy of pars intermedia - results in raised cortisol levels
26
HPA Axis
Hypothalamus secretes ACTH-RH into the blood. Moves down into the anterior pituitary gland where it triggers the Corticotropes to release ACTH. Travels down to the adrenal glands in the blood where it triggers the release of glucocorticoids (cortisol). Process regulated by short and long feedback loops based on [ACTH] in blood and [glucocorticoids]
27
Common infections of ruminants
Bovine viral diarrhoea Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis Neosporosis bTB
28
Common infections for sheep
Footrot Scab mite Blowfly strike Orf (parapox virus)
29
Cattle oestrus cycle
Luteal phase (1-17): CL forms secretes progesterone Follicular phase (18-21): CL regresses, pre-ovulatory follicle emerges secreting oestradiol - causes oestrus behaviour Ovulation: matured follicle is released in response to LH
30
Reproductive disorders
Follicular cysts: thin walled fluid filled structure persists for 10+ days on ovary Cystic ovarian disease: failed ovulation due to hormonal abnormalities (↓LH, ↑E2) Delayed ovulation: 26-28hrs after LH surge Persistent CL: due to ↓ PGF2a secretion.
31
Mastitis tests
Foremilking Observation & palpation of the udder California Mastitis test SSC PCR testing
32
Glucocorticoid actions
Necessary for certain reactions eg.releases Epinephrine and glucagon Maintains BP Anti inflammatory effects Immunosuppressive effect, Inhibits DNA synthesis Increases plasma glucose: stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis Stimulates degradation of fats and proteins
33
PPID symptoms
Hypertrichosis Alpha-MSH Muscle loss Increased gluconeogene. Lethargy Immunosuppression increased cortisol Laminitis insulin dysregulation Polyuria/polydipsia cortisol inhibits ADH Bulging supraorbital fat pad
34
Equine metabolic syndrome
Obesity and insulin resistance associated with inflammation and pro oxidative state Increased degeneration of dopaminergic neurons
35
PPID tests
Resting ACTH levels (+ve >35/47) TR stimulation test (+ve >110)
36
PPID treatment
Pergolide mimics action of dopamine Euthanasia
37
What is gumboro
Tropism for lymphoid tissue - destruction of lymph cells within the cloacal bursa, tonsils and spleen
38
Gumboro transmission
Aerosol, feed, eggs
39
Gumboro clinical signs
Thickened bursa, compromises B cell development
40
Marek's disease clinical signs
Infiltration of CNS - paralysis of legs wings and neck Tumours heart ovary muscle lungs Enlarged nerves
41
Marek's disease transmission
Aerosol
42
Necrotic Enteritis causative agent
Clostridium perfringens
43
Necrotic Enteritis transmission
Faecal oral
44
Necrotic Enteritis clinical signs
Anorexia, dark scour, depression Post mortem: SI lesions, gram +ve bacteria in mucosal gut smear
45
Newcastle disease virus agent
Avian paramyxovirus-1
46
NDV Strains
Lentogenic Mesogenic Neurotrophic velogenic - nervous signs Viscerotropic velogenic - lesions in SI
47
F glycoprotein
Enables fusion and entry Synthesized as inactive precursor - cleaved by host cell proteases to active form
48
Haemagglutinin/Neuraminidase (H/N)
Enables virus attachment to cell receptor
49
NDV clinical signs
Diarrhoea, odema of the head, nervous signs, egg malformation
50
Avian Influenza agent
Othomyxoviridae: Influenza A virus
51
Why is influenza A prone to genetic changes
On point mutations occur every 10,000 nucleotides this results in antigenic drift. Genome reassortment occurs when two stains infect the same cell due to the segmented genome.
52
HPAI strains
H5 and H7 - 100% Mort. 72hrs

Pahd (2 decks)

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