Pahd2 Flashcards
Treatment of ketosis
Increase blood glucose by drenching with propylene glycol
Causative agent of Johnes
Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis
Why is MAP resistant to gram staining
Cell wall contains lipids and mycolic acids
MAP can survive in the environment for how long and why
High lipid content = low permeability, resistance to temperature UV disinfection and dessication
Causative agents of coccidiosis
Cattle: cryptosporidium parvum (crypto) and Eimeria genus
Sheep: Eimeria genus
Barbesia divergens Host
Tick - Ixodes ricinis
Barbesia divergens treatment
Imidocarb dispropionate and blood transfusions
What are protozoa
Eukaryotic unicellular consume bacteria 10-50μm
Grp 1 protozoa
Flagellates eg. Giardia sp.
Grp. 2 protozoa
Amoebae (blob-like) eg. Entamoeba sp.
Grp 3 protozoa
Sporozoans/Apicomplexa don’t move much eg Coccidia sp.
Grp 4 protozoa
Ciliates eg. Balantidium sp.
Causative agents of infectious abortion
Toxoplasma gondii
Neospora caninum
What is a Trophozoite
Pathogenic stage of parasitic Protozoa: Active feeding, multiplying stage - growing and causing symptoms
Binary fission of protozoa
Asexual reproduction 2 daughter cells formed
Schizogony
Asexual reproduction
More than 2 daughter cells formed
Protozoa reproduction
Most both asexual and sexual can occur in same host (cryptosporidium), different hosts (plasmodium), or same or different (Toxoplasma)
Pathology of cryptosporidium parvum
Mucosal changes: stunting swelling and fusion of villi
Activity of membrane bound enzymes affected - can no longer absorb efficiently
Overweight
Body composition where the levels of body fat exceed those considered optimal for good health
Obese
Being overweight to the extent that serious effects on the individuals health become likely (15-30% more than overweight)
Obesity risk factors
Gender neutering genetics age activity feeding diseases eg hyperthyroidism
Obesity and adipose tissue
Adipose tissue is not an inert store of fat. Releases adipokines which influence satiety, insulin resistance and inflammatory modulators (constant proinflammatory state)
What is laminitis
The laminae in the hoof swell up and put pressure on the inside of the hoof capsule causing lameness
Principles of weight loss control
- Reduce calorie intake
- Increase exercise
- Recheck
What is PPID
Degeneration and hyperplasia/hypertrophy of pars intermedia - results in raised cortisol levels
HPA Axis
Hypothalamus secretes ACTH-RH into the blood. Moves down into the anterior pituitary gland where it triggers the Corticotropes to release ACTH. Travels down to the adrenal glands in the blood where it triggers the release of glucocorticoids (cortisol). Process regulated by short and long feedback loops based on [ACTH] in blood and [glucocorticoids]
Common infections of ruminants
Bovine viral diarrhoea
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Neosporosis
bTB
Common infections for sheep
Footrot
Scab mite
Blowfly strike
Orf (parapox virus)
Cattle oestrus cycle
Luteal phase (1-17): CL forms secretes progesterone
Follicular phase (18-21): CL regresses, pre-ovulatory follicle emerges secreting oestradiol - causes oestrus behaviour
Ovulation: matured follicle is released in response to LH
Reproductive disorders
Follicular cysts: thin walled fluid filled structure persists for 10+ days on ovary
Cystic ovarian disease: failed ovulation due to hormonal abnormalities (↓LH, ↑E2)
Delayed ovulation: 26-28hrs after LH surge
Persistent CL: due to ↓ PGF2a secretion.
Mastitis tests
Foremilking
Observation & palpation of the udder
California Mastitis test
SSC
PCR testing
Glucocorticoid actions
Necessary for certain reactions eg.releases Epinephrine and glucagon
Maintains BP
Anti inflammatory effects
Immunosuppressive effect,
Inhibits DNA synthesis
Increases plasma glucose: stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
Stimulates degradation of fats and proteins
PPID symptoms
Hypertrichosis Alpha-MSH
Muscle loss Increased gluconeogene.
Lethargy
Immunosuppression increased cortisol
Laminitis insulin dysregulation
Polyuria/polydipsia cortisol inhibits ADH
Bulging supraorbital fat pad
Equine metabolic syndrome
Obesity and insulin resistance associated with inflammation and pro oxidative state
Increased degeneration of dopaminergic neurons
PPID tests
Resting ACTH levels (+ve >35/47)
TR stimulation test (+ve >110)
PPID treatment
Pergolide mimics action of dopamine
Euthanasia
What is gumboro
Tropism for lymphoid tissue - destruction of lymph cells within the cloacal bursa, tonsils and spleen
Gumboro transmission
Aerosol, feed, eggs
Gumboro clinical signs
Thickened bursa, compromises B cell development
Marek’s disease clinical signs
Infiltration of CNS - paralysis of legs wings and neck
Tumours heart ovary muscle lungs
Enlarged nerves
Marek’s disease transmission
Aerosol
Necrotic Enteritis causative agent
Clostridium perfringens
Necrotic Enteritis transmission
Faecal oral
Necrotic Enteritis clinical signs
Anorexia, dark scour, depression
Post mortem: SI lesions, gram +ve bacteria in mucosal gut smear
Newcastle disease virus agent
Avian paramyxovirus-1
NDV Strains
Lentogenic
Mesogenic
Neurotrophic velogenic - nervous signs
Viscerotropic velogenic - lesions in SI
F glycoprotein
Enables fusion and entry
Synthesized as inactive precursor - cleaved by host cell proteases to active form
Haemagglutinin/Neuraminidase (H/N)
Enables virus attachment to cell receptor
NDV clinical signs
Diarrhoea, odema of the head, nervous signs, egg malformation
Avian Influenza agent
Othomyxoviridae: Influenza A virus
Why is influenza A prone to genetic changes
On point mutations occur every 10,000 nucleotides this results in antigenic drift.
Genome reassortment occurs when two stains infect the same cell due to the segmented genome.
HPAI strains
H5 and H7 - 100% Mort. 72hrs
