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350 > Staining theory > Flashcards

Staining theory Flashcards

1
Q

what is a dye

A

coloured substance that has affinity for a substrate

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2
Q

what is a chromophore

A

structure that absorbs visible wavelengths of light causing delocalization of electrons

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3
Q

T/F double and triple bonds are more delocalized than single bonds

A

T

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4
Q

what is a chromogen

A

part of dye that contains chromophore

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5
Q

what is an auxochrome

A

allows dye to attach to tissue by ionization

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6
Q

what do anionic (acid) dyes contain

A

anionic auxochrome

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7
Q

T/F categorization of acidic and basic dyes are based on their pH

A

F

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8
Q

what chemical groups are anionic auxochromes

A

COOH
OH
SO3H

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9
Q

what groups do anionic auxochromes bind to

A

positively charged tissue like lysine, histidine, and arginine

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10
Q

what are common anionic dyes

A

eosin, orange G, Biebrich scarlet, acid fuchsin

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11
Q

what chemical groups are cationic auxochromes

A

NH2

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12
Q

what do cationic auxochromes bind to

A

negatively charged tissue like cartilage, granules, and mucins

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13
Q

what are common cationic dyes

A

hematocylin
crystal violet
methylene blue

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14
Q

what chemical group is yellow

A

nitro (NO2)

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15
Q

what requirement does a dye need

A

auxochromes (COOH, OH, NH2)

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16
Q

what is a mordant and what does it do

A

links the dye to tissue

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17
Q

what is a dye lake

A

a dye with a mordant. eg hematoxylin

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18
Q

what does an accentuator do

A

incrrease intensity of a dye

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19
Q

what is a neutral dye

A

mix of acid and basic dyes eg. romanowsky

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20
Q

what step is NOT used in progressive staining

A

differentiator NOT used

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21
Q

what is regressive staining

A

overstained tissue is differentiated

22
Q

what is metachromasia

A

staining a different colour than the solution

23
Q

how does a metachromatic stain work

A

cationic dyes form aggregates with negatively charged sites in close proximity

24
Q

what substances stain metachromatic

A

mucins and amyloid

25
Q

what is polychromasia

A

solution contains several dyes to make many colours

26
Q

common polychromatic dye

A

methylene blue

27
Q

what are 3 chemiacl stianing mechanisms

A

covalent
ionic
hydrogen bonding

28
Q

what is covalent bonding

A

sharing of electrons eg schiff in PAS

29
Q

what is ionic bonding

A

attraction between unlike charges that are weaker than covalent but stronger than hydrogen bonding

30
Q

what will interfere with hydrogen bonding

A

water

31
Q

what stain uses hydrogen bonds

A

congo red for amyloid

32
Q

what are two physical staining mechanisms

A

selective solubility and porosity

33
Q

what is selective solubility

A

demonstrates lipids by migrating from solvent into tissue

34
Q

what is porosity

A

stains connective tissue as smallest dye applied first then bumped by larger dye

35
Q

what are vander waals forces

A

intermolecular attraction due to polarity

36
Q

what stain demonstrates vander waals

A

congo red

37
Q

what are histochemical stains

A

do not employ a dye or stain but use chemical reactions to form a color

38
Q

stain that demonstrates histochemical staining

A

perls prussian blue

39
Q

what silver staining methods are there

A

argentaffin
argyrophil
metallic substitution

40
Q

what is an argentaffin

A

substance that bind and reduce silver

41
Q

what are examples of argentaffin substances

A

melanin, formalin, and neurosecretory granules

42
Q

what in an argyrophil

A

bind but NO reduce silver

reducing agent needed to help visualize the bound silver

43
Q

T/F argyrophil methods demonstrate argentaffin substancves

A

T

44
Q

examples of argyrophil substances

A

urates, granules, and reticulin fibers

45
Q

what is metallic substitution

A

silver will replace calcium and bright light is used to reduce the silver

silver shown = calcium was present (indirect method)

46
Q

what stain uses metallic substiution

A

Von Kossa

47
Q

What happens if a chemical compound contains even numbers of cationic and anion groups

A

anionic always wins (shown in an iline blue)

48
Q

what stain uses the direct method of metallic substitution

A

alizarin red S stain

49
Q

why does Bouins fluid stain intensely compared to others

A

NO2 groups are mordants

50
Q
A

350 (7 decks)

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