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HISTOPATHOLOGY > Staining of Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Staining of Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates are the main source of _____ in the body.

A

energy

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2
Q

Carbohydrates are mobilized in the form of
______________(glucose) and stored in the form
of _______________, either in pure form (glycogen),
or bound to other substances (mucin).

A

monosaccharides & polysaccharides

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3
Q

It is made up of polysaccharides of glucose

A

Glycogen

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4
Q

It is made up of hexosamines (neutral
mucopolysaccharides) or mucus that is
secreted by the goblet cells of intestinal
mucosa, respiratory lining cells and certain
glands

A

Mucin

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5
Q

They are both stained by the Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) technique

A

Glycogen & Mucin

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6
Q

It is a histochemical stain that will demonstrate carbohydrates and other
substances in the tissue.

A

Periodic Acid Schiff

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7
Q

PAS technique uses periodic acid to specifically
oxidize the __________.

A

1,2 glycol group of polysaccharides

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8
Q

______ that ar required for the coloration of Schiff’s reagent thereby producing a ____________ or ________.

A

Aldehyde, red magenta or purple-pink color.

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9
Q

PAS is the only method in for carbohydrates

A

False

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10
Q

PAS is not a method for carbohydrates in general but only for those which contain ______

A

1,2 glycols or closely related structures

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11
Q

The treatment must be able to
produce an _______ on the carbohydrate
component.

A

Aldehyde

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12
Q

The intensity of PAS reaction is proportional to the __________________ present in the reacting substance.

A

content of sugars

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13
Q

In order to have a PAS-positive staining reaction,
oxidation must occur to produce _______.

A

aldehyde

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14
Q

What happens when the oxidation continue beyond the aldehyde stage?

A

Result will be negative

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15
Q

_________ is not the only oxidizing agent that has
been recommended for the oxidation of carbohydrates although it is certainly the most used and arguably
the most effective.

A

Periodic Acid

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16
Q

Periodic acid is generally applied to the sections as a _________________________________.

A

0.5 to 1.0% aqueous solution for 2 to 20 (average 5) minutes at room temperature.

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17
Q

Oxidation beyond _______ increases __________staining-probably due to
acidification of sulfhydryl groups into sulfonic
acid.

A

10 mins, basophilic methylene blue

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18
Q

A temperature above 25°C which markedly accelerates the reaction, causing oxidation not only of aldehydes but also of other groups,

A

e.g., sulfhydryl and disulfide.

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19
Q

Solution must be discarded if it turns _____ in color.

A

brown

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20
Q

Most fixatives can be used with this staining technique, except those that contain

A

osmic acid, chromates and permanganates.

21
Q

Routine fixation and decalcification of bone will cause considerable ____ of PAS positivity.

A

loss

22
Q

PAS STAIN CAN BE USED TO DEMONSTRATE THE
FOLLOWING SUBSTANCES

A

Polysaccharides
Neutral mucus substances
Tissue basement membrane
Fungal organisms

23
Q

The main polysaccharide identified through histology staining is glycogen, which is present
in numerous tissues, including skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, liver, and kidney.

A

polysaccharides

24
Q

PAS is also commonly used to stain and identify glycoproteins, glycolipids, and neutral mucins, which are produced by epithelial cells in different organs

A

Neutral mucus substances

25
Q

These PAS-positive thin layers of reticular connective tissue anchor and support epithelium and endothelium to underlying connective tissue.

A

Tissue basement membrane

26
Q

The cell walls of some living fungal organisms contain high levels of carbohydrate, and also stain positive with PAS.

A

Fungal organisms

27
Q

The reactivity of the PAS technique is based on the structure of the __________ units.

A

monosaccharide

28
Q

The stain involves periodic acid acting as an agent to oxidize the carbon-to-carbon bonds between ________________________________

A

two adjacent hydroxyl groups.

29
Q

The basic fuchsin in the mixture reacts with
newly formed aldehyde groups in the tissue
and produces a _________ color when
the section is rinsed in water.

A

bright magenta

30
Q

Hematoxylin is typically used as a ________ to
visualize other tissue elements.

A

counter stain

31
Q

___________ may also be used to assist in the diagnosis of glycogen storage diseases.

A

Diastase (alpha-amylase) digestion

32
Q

PAs sh the diagnosis stain can help with the diagnosis of the following:

A

Glycogen storage disease
Tumors
Fungal infection
Basement membrane

33
Q

PAS is often routinely used in the clinic to demonstrate glycogen
accumulation in biopsies of these tissues.

A

Glycogen storage diseases

34
Q

Glycogen granules can also be present in
some tumors including some of those that arise in tissues such as the pancreas, lung, and bladder

A

Tumors

35
Q

PAS can be used to visualize
some fungal organisms in tissue sections.

A

Fungal infection

36
Q

PAS can be used to highlight abnormal basement membrane abnormalities such as in glomerular diseases

A

Basement membrane

37
Q

The essential component of Schiff reagent is basic
fuchsin, which is a mixture of three dyes:

A

Rosanilin
Pararosanilin
Magenta II

38
Q

Sulfur dioxide converts the magenta-colored basic
fuchsin into __________

A

colorless leukofucshin.

39
Q

A good quality Schiff’s reagent should be made from _________ rather than basic fuchsin.

A

pararosaniline

40
Q

Beware of ________ which give a brown solution when first made.

A

dye batches

41
Q

The most common application of Schiff reagent is _________

A

Periodic Acid Schiff

42
Q

This is a technique for the demonstration of carbohydrates in tissue sections

A

PAS

43
Q

The purpose of the periodic acid is to ______ some of the tissue carbohydrates

A

oxidize

44
Q

This produces aldehyde groups, which can
then condense with Schiff’s reagent forming a
__________ and demonstrating the
tissue component to which the carbohydrate
is attached.

A

bright red coloration

45
Q

Schiff reagent is stored in the refrigerator so it is
important to allow the reagent to come to room
temperature before use.

A

➜ Failure to do so may result in weak staining.
➜ It is also important to store Schiff reagent in a
tightly closed container when not in use so that the
solution remains potent and stable

46
Q

Schiff reagent can be prepared in different ways:

A
  1. By using thionyl chloride to release sulfur
    dioxide
  2. By adding sodium or potassium metabisulfite
  3. By using sulfur dioxide gas
47
Q

Two kinds of Schiff reagent

A

Barger and de lamater method
De Tomasi-Coleman Method

48
Q

Both Schiff reagent are stable and may last up to ___ months

A

6

49
Q

The reagent should be discarded when it begins to form a _____

A

color

HISTOPATHOLOGY (2 decks)

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