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HISTOPATH MTAP > STAINING > Flashcards

STAINING Flashcards

1
Q

● Derived from the heartwood of the mexican tree

A

Hematoxylin

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2
Q

Hematoxylin campechianum

A

Hematoxylin

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3
Q

the active coloring substance

A

Hematein

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4
Q

If hematoxylin is not ripened,
it _________ be used.

A

Cannot

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5
Q

It was previously used in the textile industry

A

Hematoxylin

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6
Q

Hematoxylin: First used by __________________________ in 1863 for staining tissue samples.

A

Wilhelm von Waldeyer-Hartz

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7
Q

● Derived from the female Coccus cacti bug
● A natural dye

A

Cochineal Dyes

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8
Q

Cochineal dye + alum =

A

carmine stain

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9
Q

○ a chromatin stain
○ may be mixed with other
material to create another
carmine stain (derivatives)

A

Carmine

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10
Q

Used for HBsAg demonstration

A

Orcein

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11
Q

STAINING: NATURAL DYES (4)

A
  1. Hematoxylin
  2. Cochineal Dyes
  3. Orcein
  4. Saffron
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12
Q

are obtained from plants and
animals

A

Natural dyes

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13
Q

also means oxidation

A

Ripening

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14
Q

● Made up of:
○ carmine + picric acid

A

Picro Carmine

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15
Q

● Used for neuropathological studies

A

Picro Carmine

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16
Q

● Made up of:
○ carmine + aluminum HYDROXIDE

A

Mucicarmine

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17
Q

● Used for the demonstration of
Cryptococcus neoformans and
mucin

A

Mucicarmine

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18
Q

● Made up of:
○ carmine + aluminum CHLORIDE

A

Best Carmine

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18
Q

Also known as “Coal Tar Dyes”

A

SYNTHETIC DYES

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18
Q

Derived from benzene and collectively known as

A

“Aniline Dyes”

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18
Q

Used for glycogen demonstration

A

Best Carmine

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18
Q

CHROMOPHORES (4)

A

● Quinoid Ring
● Azo Groups
● Xanthene
● Quinone-Imine Group
○ Oxazin
○ Thiazins

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19
Q

Derived from benzene and collectively known as “Aniline Dyes”

A

SYNTHETIC DYES

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20
Q

AUXOCHROMES (2)

A

● Cationic Auxochrome
● Anionic Auxochrome

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21
Q

AUXOCHROMES: Amino Group

A

Cationic Auxochrome

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22
Q

AUXOCHROMES: Hydroxyl And Carboxyl Groups

A

Anionic Auxochrome

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23
Q

DYE MODIFIERS
● Attached on benzene ring (3)

A

○ Ethyl groups
○ Methyl groups
○ Sulphonic Acid

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24
Q

● Majority of tissue-dye reactions
● Examples:
○ Neutral Red
○ Light Green

A

Electrostatic

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25
Q

● Examples:
○ Congo Red
○ Carmine
○ Weigert-type resorcinol dye

A

Hydrogen bonding

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26
Q

● Examples:
○ Alum Hematoxylin Solutions

A

Van der Waals Forces

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27
Q

● Examples:
○ Sudan dyes
● SUDANOPHILIA

A

Physical Staining

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28
Q

property of tissues to be stained with fat or oil-soluble dyes, regardless of the type of dye used, due to their essential lipid nature

A

SUDANOPHILIA

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29
Q

● Examples:
○ Janus Green

A

Natural Affinity

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30
Q

Benzene + Chromophore =

A

Chromogen

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31
Q

Chromogen + Auxochrome =

32
Q

Responsible for “Coloring Property”

A

Chromophore

33
Q

Responsible for “Dyeing Property”

A

Auxochrome

34
Q

Imparts color Temporarily

35
Q

● A benzene ring with an attached chromophore.
● Impart color temporarily

36
Q

Imparts color ALMOST permanently

37
Q

● Impart color ALMOST permanently
○ Strong decolorizer may remove
the color

38
Q

Which part of the synthetic dye is responsible for coloring property?

A

Chromophore

39
Q

Which part of the synthetic dye is responsible for dyeing property?

A

Auxochrome

40
Q

METHODS OF STAINING (4 GROUPS)

A

● According to the presence of a mordant
● According to the presence of a differentiator
● According to the resultant color of the tissue
● Vital Staining

41
Q

serves as a link or a bridge between the stain and the tissues.

42
Q

Also known as decolorizer

A

Differentiator

43
Q

According to the resultant color of the tissue (2)

A

○ Orthochromatic staining
○ Metachromatic staining

44
Q

ACCORDING TO THE PRESENCE OF A MORDANT (2)

A

● Direct Staining
● Indirect Staining

45
Q

● Gives color to the sections by using simple aqueous or alcoholic
dye solutions.

A

Direct Staining

46
Q

Example of Direct Staining (1)

A

Methylene Blue

47
Q

● No mordant needed

A

Direct Staining

48
Q

● Even without the use of a
mordant, the stain can still color
the tissue or cells.

A

Direct Staining

49
Q

● Action of dye is intensified by
using a MORDANT.

A

Indirect Staining

50
Q

● Requires mordant

A

Indirect Staining

51
Q

Example of Indirect Staining (1)

A

Hematoxylin

52
Q

ACCORDING TO THE PRESENCE OF A DIFFERENTIATOR
(DECOLORIZER) (3)

A

● Progressive Staining
● Regressive Staining
● Staining Method

53
Q

● One particular example of
staining method that utilizes
progressive staining technique is
H&E
○ H = hematoxylin
○ E = eosin

A

Progressive Staining

54
Q

● Continuous application of dye
● Not differentiate and not
decolorized the tissue

A

Progressive Staining

54
Q

● When dye is taken up by the
tissue, it is NOT decolorized.

A

Progressive Staining

55
Q

● This H&E that applies progressive staining technique, this is the kind of use for frozen sections
○ No decolorization phase

A

Progressive Staining

56
Q

● Requires a differentiator

A

Regressive Staining

57
Q

● Tissue is first overstained, then
afterwards the excess stain is
removed or decolorized from
unwanted parts of the tissue.

A

Regressive Staining

58
Q

● Apply the stains first then use
chemical that will decolorize certain parts that have been
colored before

A

Regressive Staining

59
Q

● Primary Stain = Basic
○ differentiator should be
________ solution

59
Q

Example: Regressive Staining

A

○ H&E
○ Acid alcohol

60
Q

Differentiator for routine H&E

A

Acid alcohol

61
Q

● Primary Stain = Acidic
○ differentiator should be an
________ solution

62
Q

● Color of the dye is the color of the tissue after it is applied
○ Example: Red → Red

A

Orthochromatic Staining

62
Q

● H&E Primary Stain = Hematoxylin (basic stain/dye)
○ differentiator should be
_______

63
Q

● Whatever the color of the dye is, it is the expected color of the tissue.

A

Orthochromatic Staining

63
Q

“Ortho” means “_______”

64
Q

● The color of the dye is different
from the color of the tissue

A

Metachromatic Staining

64
Q

(2) VITAL STAINING

A

● Intravital Staining
● Supravital Staining

65
Q

Selective staining of living cell constituents

A

VITAL STAINING

65
Q

● “Meta” means “_____” and also
“________”

A

after and also change

66
Q

● Color of the dye is not the color of the tissue after it was applied
○ Example: Red → Yellow

A

Metachromatic Staining

67
Q

Intravital Staining (3)

A

○ Lithium
○ Carmine
○ India ink

67
Q

● Injection of dye into any part of
the animal’s body

A

Intravital Staining

68
Q

Natural dye made up of alum and
cochineal dye

68
Q

■ BEST vital dye (according to
Gregorio’s)

A

Neutral red

68
Q

● Stain is applied immediately after removal of tissue/organ from the body

A

Supravital Staining

68
Q

● We removed the cells from the
body and then outside that is
where we applied the stain

A

Supravital Staining

69
Q

Used in staining fungi

69
Q

Used for the demonstration of
mitochondria (mitochondria =
organelle)

A

Janus Green B

69
Q

Supravital Staining (5)

A

○ Neutral red
○ Janus Green B
○ Thionine (For frozen sections)
○ Toluidine blue
○ Nile blue

HISTOPATH MTAP (5 decks)

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