Stages/Principles/Theories of Learning/Feedback/Guidance - KEY DEFINITIONS Flashcards
Define Learning.
A permanent change in behaviour as a result of practice.
Define Performance.
A temporary occurrence that can change from time to time because of many external and internal influences.
Define the Cognitive Stage of Learning.
The first stage of learning used by a novice. Understanding and sub-routines are explored by trial and error.
Define the Associative Stage of Learning.
The second stage of learning as motor programmes are developed and performance is smoother.
Define the Autonomous Stage of Learning.
The final stage of learning used by an expert when movement is detailed and specific.
Define Plateau.
A period of no improvement in performance.
Define Learning Curve.
A graph showing how the rate of learning a closed skill over a period of time can vary.
Define Drive Reduction.
An end-of-task period when performance may get worse.
Define Feedback.
Information to aid error correction.
Define Knowledge of Results.
Concerns the outcome.
Define Knowledge of Performance.
About technique.
What is Operant Conditioning?
The use of reinforcement to ensure that correct responses are repeated. Based on trial and error.
Define Positive Reinforcement.
A pleasant stimulus after the correct response.
Define Negative Reinforcement.
Taking away an unpleasant stimulus after the correct response.
Define Punishment.
An unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions recurring.
What is Observational Learning?
Based on the idea that a performer aspires to be like their professional counterpart, so if they are seen doing a skill then the performer will want to replicate it.
What are the 4 stages in Observational Learning?
- Attention
- Retention
- Motor Production
- Motivation
Define the 4 stages in Observational Learning.
Attention - Making the demonstration attractive to the performer.
Retention - Remembering the demonstration and being able to recall it.
Motor Production - Having the mental and physical ability to do the task.
Motivation - Having the drive to do the task.
What is the Social Development Theory?
An athlete will use a More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) to absorb information and understand and make use of it.
Define Social Development.
Learning by association with others.
Define Inter-psychological Learning.
Learning externally from a MKO to absorb information.
Define Intra-psychological Learning.
Learning internally/cognitively using a MKO’s information to develop knowledge.
Constructivism is part of the Social Development Theory. Define Constructivism.
Building up learning is stages based on the performer’s needs, expectations and current level of performance.
Define the Zone of Proximal Development and give its 3 stages.
An assessment of what they need to do next to learn a skill.
- What can I do alone?
- What can I do with help from a MKO?
- What can I not do yet?
What is Insight Learning?
Using experience and understanding to solve problems relating to the whole skill.
What is Visual Guidance?
Guidance that an be seen, a demonstration.
What is Verbal Guidance?
Using words to explain a task.
What is Manual Guidance?
Physically supporting a performer during a movement.
What is Mechanicial Guidance?
Using artificial aids to help a performance.
