Stages/Principles/Theories of Learning and Performance - KEY DEFINITIONS

Question 1

Define Learning.

Answer 1

A permanent change in behaviour as a result of practice.

Question 2

Define Performance.

Answer 2

A temporary occurrence that can change from time to time because of many external and internal influences.

Question 3

Define the Cognitive Stage of Learning.

Answer 3

The first stage of learning used by a novice. Understanding and sub-routines are explored by trial and error.

Question 4

Define the Associative Stage of Learning.

Answer 4

The second stage of learning as motor programmes are developed and performance is smoother.

Question 5

Define the Autonomous Stage of Learning.

Answer 5

The final stage of learning used by an expert when movement is detailed and specific.

Question 6

Define Plateau.

Answer 6

A period of no improvement in performance.

Question 7

Define Learning Curve.

Answer 7

A graph showing how the rate of learning a closed skill over a period of time can vary.

Question 8

Define Drive Reduction.

Answer 8

An end-of-task period when performance may get worse.

Question 9

Define Feedback.

Answer 9

Information to aid error correction.

Question 10

Define Knowledge of Results.

Answer 10

Concerns the outcome.

Question 11

Define Knowledge of Performance.

Answer 11

About technique.

Question 12

What is Operant Conditioning?

Answer 12

The use of reinforcement to ensure that correct responses are repeated. Based on trial and error.

Question 13

Define Positive Reinforcement.

Answer 13

A pleasant stimulus after the correct response.

Question 14

Define Negative Reinforcement.

Answer 14

Taking away an unpleasant stimulus after the correct response.

Question 15

Define Punishment.

Answer 15

An unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions recurring.

Question 16

What is Observational Learning?

Answer 16

Based on the idea that a performer aspires to be like their professional counterpart, so if they are seen doing a skill then the performer will want to replicate it.

Question 17

Define the 4 stages in Observational Learning.

Answer 17

Attention - Making the demonstration attractive to the performer.
Retention - Remembering the demonstration and being able to recall it.
Motor Production - Having the mental and physical ability to do the task.
Motivation - Having the drive to do the task.

Question 18

What is the Social Development Theory?

Answer 18

An athlete will use a More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) to absorb information and understand and make use of it.

Question 19

Define Social Development.

Answer 19

Learning by association with others.

Question 20

Define Inter-psychological Learning.

Answer 20

Learning externally from a MKO to absorb information.

Question 21

Define Intra-psychological Learning.

Answer 21

Learning internally/cognitively using a MKO’s information to develop knowledge.

Question 22

Constructivism is part of the Social Development Theory. Define Constructivism.

Answer 22

Building up learning is stages based on the performer’s needs, expectations and current level of performance.

Question 23

Define the Zone of Proximal Development and give its 3 stages.

Answer 23

An assessment of what they need to do next to learn a skill.
- What can I do alone?
- What can I do with help from a MKO?
- What can I not do yet?

Question 24

What is Insight Learning?

Answer 24

Using experience and understanding to solve problems relating to the whole skill.