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Ohe > Stages Of Life > Flashcards

Stages Of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Stages of human development

A
  1. Period of the Ovum/Proliferative Period
  2. Period of the Embryo/Embryonic Period
  3. Period of the Fetus/Fetal Period
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2
Q 
• Fertilization to 2 weeks
➢ Zygote à Morula à Blastocyst
• Implementation of blastocyst
• Formation of embryonic disc
➢ Implantation is on the uterus
A

Period of the ovum

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3
Q

3 weeks to 8 weeks
• Duifferent types of tissue develop, organizing to form organ systems
• The heart begins to form and beat
• The face and oral structures develop

A

Embryonic stage

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4
Q

8th week – the embryo takes on a more human appearance

• Increase in body weight and size

A

Fetal stage

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5
Q

female gametocyte or germ cell

A

Oocyte

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6
Q

male gametocyte

A

Spermatozoa

➢ Genetic material – head
➢ Mitochondria – neck

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7
Q

site of fertilization

A

Ampulla of the Fallopian tube –

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8
Q

glycoprotein coat and seminal plasm protein are removed from the spermatozoon head

A

Capacitation process

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9
Q

hyaluronidase and acrosin (trypsin-like substance) are released to penetrate the oocyte barrier

A

Acrosomal reaction

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10
Q

– a cap-like structure at the anterior end of the spermatozoon that produces enzyme aiding in egg penetration

A

Acrosomes

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11
Q

During fertilization the spermatozoon must penetrate

A
  1. Corona radiata
  2. Zona pellucida
  3. Oocyte cell membrane
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12
Q

As soon as the spermatozoa has entered the oocyte
a. the oocyte finishes the 2nd meiotic division
➔ Female pronucleus (haploid) (23 chromosomes)
b. Zona pellucida becomes impenetrable
c. The head of the sperm separates from the tail (male pronucleus)

A

Proliferative period

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13
Q

Results in fertilization

A

• Restoration of diploid number of chromosomes both pronuclei have replicated their DNA paternal and maternal chromosomes intermingle
• Determination of the chromosomal sex
➢ The sperm determines chromosomal sex
➢ X is heavier; slower
➢ Life span of sperm is 48 hours
• Initiation of cleavage giving rise to 2-cell stage (blastomeres)

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14
Q

– any of the cell formed by cleavage of a fertilized egg

A

Blastomere

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15
Q

– the spherical embryonic mass of blastomeres

A

Morula

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16
Q

– a sphere of cells (trophoblast) enclosing an inner mass of cells and fluid-filled cavity (blastocoel)

A

Blastocyst

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17
Q

– extraembryonic tissue
Embryoblast à embryo
➢ Inner cell mass

A

Trophoblast

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18
Q

cavity lined with ectoderm develops

A

Amniotic cavity

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19
Q

forms the root of the yolk sac

A

Endoderm

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20
Q

2 cell layers contact in the center to form an area of ectoderm and endoderm forming the

A

embryonic disc

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21
Q
  • Produces human chorionic gonadotropin (NCG)

* Pregnancy test

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

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22
Q

➢ Shared placenta
➢ 1 sperm, 1 egg
➢ Same chromosomes
•

A

• Identical (monozygotic)

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23
Q

➢ Separate placentas

A

Fraternal (dizygotic)

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24
Q

Slight enlargement of ectodermal and endodermal cells at the cranial end à axis of the embryo is established
• Firm union between the layers

A

Prochordal plate

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25
Q

The primordia of all major external and internal structures are established during this period
• By the end of the 8th week
➢ All major organ systems have begun to develop with minimum function

A

Embryonic period

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26
Q

Important events in embryonic period

A
  • Appearance of the primary streak
  • Gastrulation – differentitayion of 3 germ layers from which all tissues and organs develop
  • Formation of notochord
  • Beginning of morphogenesis – development of body form (most significant)
27
Q

differentitayion of 3 germ layers from which all tissues and organs develop

A

Gastrulation

28
Q

development of body form (most significant)

A

Beginning of morphogenesis

29
Q

• Localized thickening of the epiblast (top) at the caudal end of the embryonic disc
➢ Epiblast – ectodermal cells
➢ Start at caudal end
➢ Elongate in a cranial direction
• Has a narrow primitive groove with slightly bulging folds on each side
Gastrulation

A

Primitive streak

30
Q

Bilaminar embryonic disc

A
  • Epiblast

* Hypoblast

31
Q

Thilaminar embryonic disc

A
  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Endoderm
32
Q
  • Invagination of the epiblastic cells from the primitive streak give rise to mesenchymal cells
  • Mesenchymal cell produced from the primitive streak organize into the third germ layer, the intraembryonic mesoderm
A

Formation of mesoderm

33
Q

Derivatives of ectoderm

A
  • Central nervous system
  • Peripheral nervous system
  • Sensory epithelium of the ear, nose, eye
  • Epidermis hair, nails,
  • Subcutaneous glands, mammary glands, pituitary gland, enamel of teeth
34
Q

Derivatives of mesoderm

A
  • Muscle, cartilage, bone, subcutaneous tissue of the skin
  • Vascular system
  • Urogenital system except bladder
  • Spleen, suprarenal glands
35
Q

Derivatives of endoderm

A
  • Gastrointestinal tract
  • Epithelial lining of the respiratory tract
  • Parenchyma of the tonsil, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, liver, pancreas
  • Epithelial lining of urinary bladder and urethra
  • Epithelial lining of tympanic cavity and the eustachian tube
36
Q

Formation of notochord

A

• Arising from the primitive node, mesenchymal cells from the notochordal process, which extends cranially
• Rod of cells between the embryonic endoderm and ectoderm
➢ Start: primitive node
• Notochordal process extends from the primitive node to the prochordal plate

37
Q

Function of notochord

A 
1. Patterning
➢ Left and right sides, symmetry
➢ Patterning of the neural tube
2. Structural
➢ Main axial skeletal element of the early embryo
➢ Notochord à mesoderm
38
Q
  • Major event that begins at the end of the 3rd week
  • Formation of the neural plate
  • Formation of the neural tube
  • Neural plate appears as a thickening of the embryonic ectoderm, cranial to the primitive node
A

Neurulation

39
Q

• Neural plate is induced to form by the developing notochord
• A longitudinal neural groove develops in the neural plate, which is flanked by the neural folds
• Infolding of the neural folds from the neural tube which is the primordia of the CNS
➢ Neural crest cells

A

Neurulation

40
Q

Neuroectodermal cells at the lateral margins of the neural plate migrate dorsolaterally to form a neural crest between the neural tube and the surface ectoderm

A

Formation of neural crest cell

41
Q
  • Differentiates to form most of the CT of the head

* Proper migration of the neural crest cells is essential for the development of face and teeth

A

Neural crest cells

42
Q

Failure to migrate neural crest cells results to

A 
Teacher Collins Syndrome
➢ Downward slanting eyes
➢ Small lower jaw
➢ Malformed or absent ears
➢ Prominent nose
43
Q
  • Masses of mesoderm that lie on either side of the neural tube
  • Give rise to the most axial skeleton and musculature, as well as the dermis of the skin
A

Somites

44
Q

Primary brain vesicles

A 
• Prosencephalon (forebrain)
➢ Cerebrum
➢ Thalamus
• Mesencephalon (midbrain)
➢ Brain stem
• Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
➢ Cerebellum
➢ Pons
➢ Medulla oblongata
45
Q
  • 4th embryonic week
  • Brought about by differential growth
  • Growth in the midline > growth in the peripheral areas
  • Head fold leads to formation of stomodeum (primitive mouth)
  • End of 3rd week: the formation of the stomodeum marks the start of facial development
A

Folding of embryo

46
Q

With lateral folding, the amniotic cavity encompasses the embryo and the ectoderm forms the surface epithelium

A

Lateral folding of embryo

47
Q 
With the appearance of body folds, the flattened trilaminar embryo begins to exhibit the basic tubular configuration of the adult organism
• Giving rise to:
➢ Foregut
➢ Midgut
➢ Hindgut
A

Formation of the digestive system

48
Q

• Combined ectoderm and endoderm
➢ No mesoderm
• Located in the region where palatine tonsils will later appear
• Separates the primitive mouth from the foregut
• During the 4th week, the buccopharyngeal membrane ruptures creating a comm…between

A

Buccopharyngeal/oropharyngeal membrane

49
Q

Invagination of the stomodeal ectoderm in the roof of the primitive mouth in front of the buccopharyngeal membrane
• Deepens toward the developing brain develops into the anterior lobe of the hypophysis or pituitary gland

A

Rathke’s pouch

➢ Anterio – Rathke’s Pouch
➢ Posterior - brain

50
Q

Below the stomodeum, bars of tissue will bend around the sides of the pharynx

A

Branchial clefts and arches

51
Q

ectodermal depression

A

Branchial clefts or pharyngeal grooves –

52
Q

– tissue bulges outward

➢ Brachial arches/pharyngeal pouches inside

A

Brachial or pharyngeal arches

53
Q

First branchial arch

A

➢ mandibular arch

➢ will later form the mandible, maxilla, the associated muscles, nerves and blood supply

54
Q

Second branchial arch

A

➢ hyoid arch

➢ forms the facial muscles, vessels, and hyoid bone

55
Q

ms of third and fourth branchial arch

A

serves as the throat

56
Q
  1. First pouch (pharyngeal)
A

➢ Middle ear
➢ Eardrum
➢ Eustachian tube

57
Q
  1. Second pouch (pharyngeal)
A

➢ Palatine tonsils

58
Q
  1. Third Pouch (pharyngeal)
A

➢ Inferior parathyroid glands

➢ Thymus

59
Q
  1. Fourth Pouch (pharyngeal)
A

➢ Superior parathyroid gland

60
Q
  1. Fifth Pouch (pharyngeal)
A

➢ Ultimobrachial body (gives rise to calcitonin producing parafollicular cells)

61
Q 
begins to develop from the anterior wall f the primitive throat
➢ Lateral lingual swellings
• Anterior 2/3
➢ 2 lateral lingual swellings
➢ Tuberculum impar
• Posterior 1/3
➢ Copula (2nd arch)
➢ Hypobrachial eminence (3rd and 4th arches)
A

Tongue

62
Q

Begins to develop from a depression found between the tuberculum impar of His and copula
• Migrates downwards and eventually lie in the lower front neck region

A

Thyroid gland

63
Q

Connects the migrating thyroid gland to the tongue by a narrow canal
• Later becomes solid then disappears

A

Thyroglossal duct

64
Q

• The small depression that is left in the center of the tongue, which is remnant of the thyroglossal duct

A

Foramen cecum

Ohe (2 decks)

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