Stages of Development Flashcards
What is the communicative competence?
The ability to form accurate and understandable utterances using the grammar system, and to understand social context for using them.
Preverbal Stage
1) Age range? 👶🏼🍼
2) Features? 🎧
1) 0-12 months
2) Babies experiment with noises and sounds but do not produce recognizable words
What can the Pre-Verbal stage be further broken down into? 3️⃣
1) Vegetative State
2) Cooing
3) Babbling
What is the Vegetative Stage? 🌱
The stage from 0-7 months where the baby produces natural, reflexive vocalisations, such as crying, burping and sneezing, to express psychological needs.
What is a secondary feature of the Vegetative state that might be seen as a child progresses from this stage into the Cooing stage? 👉
Non-vocal Interactions, as babies communicate through gestures.
What is Cooing? 👉
1) A stage starting at around 4-6 months
2) Babies communicate through gestures + produce distinct sounds but not recognizable vowels and consonants.
What is Babbling?
1) Occurs from 6-12 months
2) A baby produces phonemes in combinations of vowels and consonants (e.g., ma, ga, ba).
What is CVC/Marginal Babbling?
🌞🐓🛌
Consonant-vowel-consonant construction typical of early sound production.
What is Reduplicated Babbling?
Involves repetition of the same sounds (e.g., babababa).
What are Proto Words? 🏆
‘Made up’ words that a child uses to represent a word they can’t pronounce (e.g., ‘rayray’ for raisin).
They are not true first words as they have no semantic content.
Holophrastic Stage 🚗
1) Age?
3) Features?
1) 12-18 months
2) a child uses holophrase
—> a whole sentence in a one word
e.i. the one word stage
What is a Holophrase/Holophrasis and why do children use it? 🕳️
A single word expressing a whole idea
e.g. ‘Up!’ = ‘lift me up!’
Used to communicate desires ❤️🔥 and thoughts 💭
—> literaly means ‘whole-phrase’ 🕳️
What is noun bias and who coined it?
Markman suggested that the “number of nouns exceeds »> number of other word classes in early vocabulary”
(e.g. verbs)
What is Overextension?
🍑🍊🍋 = 🍎
A word is used broadly to describe things with similar properties
(e.g., any round fruit = ‘apple’).
What is Underextension? 🍌
A word is used in a limited way that doesn’t recognize its full meaning
(e.g. an actual banana is a banana but a cartoon one is not).
What is a Hypernym?
⚽️🏀⚾️🎾
An overarching (category) noun which covers many other nouns.
What is a Hyponym?
A noun with a narrower meaning which is part of a hypernym.
What is Gestalt Expression?
Compressing a string of words into a single utterance (e.g., ‘what’s that?’ = wassat?).
These are constructions which the child is using as units of language.
What is Segment?
To perceive the boundaries between words, a skill that is gradually acquired.
What is Comprehension?
Ability to understand language
What is Production?
The language that people produce, which might be different from how much they can understand.
Two Word Stage
- Age range?
- Purpose? 🧒🏼🧔🏼
- What does it indicate?
- 18-24 months
- children use two-word combinations that resemble adult speech
- Indicates some understanding of grammar
What is Variegated Babbling?
Involves variation in consonant and vowel sounds (e.g., daba, manamoo).
What are the two ‘types’ of Cooing and what do they do?
- Gooing - Back consonant sounds and vowel sounds
- Cooing - Vowel like sounds
The provided the basis of interaction between caregiver and child at this stage.
What follows Reduplicative Babbling?
1) Non-Reduplicative Babbling where syllable structures differ from one another (e.g. cagaha)
2) Begins at 9 months
What also happens during the Non-Reduplicative Babbling stage?
Jargon forms where a child incorporates intonational patterns with babbling
What 3️⃣ stages happen during the 7-12 month segment of the Pre-Verbal Stage?
1) Perlocutionary Stage - Child’s actions interpreted by adult as meaningful
to
2) Illocutionary Stage
- Child’s actions and vocalisations actually signal intent
- At 9 to 10 months infant also begin to use protowords which do have a consistent intent + phonological form
3) Locutionary Stage - This is at 12-18 months and is where 1st word production occurs
What is the relationship between comprehension and word production, and what is the impact of this?
Generally, comprehension proceeds word production, resulting in under/over extension.
What do children’s first words typically consists?
1) Object labels (nouns)
2) Action Words (verbs)
3) Social words (‘Hi!’ ‘Bye!’)
4) Modifiers
5) Function words (‘the’, ‘a’, ‘he’)
