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History- Russia > Stages In The Power Struggle > Flashcards

Stages In The Power Struggle Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the stages in the power struggle?

A

The triumvirate against Trotsky
Issues that divided the party
The United opposition
The right opposition

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2
Q

What happened in the triumvirate against Trotsky?

A
  • A disclosure of the contents of Lenin’s testament at the Twelfth Party Congress in 1923.
  • Zinoviev rose to tell delegates that Lenin’s fears regarding Stalin were unfounded.
  • Trotsky was asked to attended the Congress to explain his views but failed to turn up.
  • The triumvirate turned against him and accuses him of factionalism.
  • Failed to attend Lenin’s funeral.
  • Zinoviev renewed the attack on Trotsky in May 1924 at the Thirteenth Party Congress to which Trotsky then published Lessons of October.
  • Trotsky gave up his position as Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs.
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3
Q

What did Trotsky publish?

A

Lessons of October

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4
Q

What did Lessons of October include?

A

Blistering attacks on both Kamenev and Zinoviev.

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5
Q

What position did Trotsky give up?

A

Commissar first Military and Naval Affairs

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6
Q

Why was Trotsky asked to attend the Congress to explain his views?

A

He had made a bitter attack on the way the affairs of the party were being managed

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7
Q

What was Trotsky accused of?

A

Factionalism

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8
Q

Where did he fail to turn up?

A

The Congress and Lenin’s funeral

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9
Q

What term was used for the first time?

A

Trotskyist

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10
Q

What were the three issues that divided the party?

A
  • bureaucracy or the rule of the proletariat
  • permanent revolution or ‘socialism in one country’
  • the role of the peasants and the drive towards rapid industrialisation
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11
Q

What was the bureaucracy or the rule of the proletariat?

A

Trotsky was opposed to the extension of bureaucratic government and wanted a return to the ideals of the revolution with a broad based government guided by wishes of the proletariat.
Stalin favoured a centralised bureaucracy which gave him the greatest influence as secretary of the party.
Stalin denied that the Soviet Union risked becoming a one man dictatorship.

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12
Q

What was Trotsky opposed to?

A

The extension of the bureaucratic government

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13
Q

What did Trotsky want a return of?

A

The ideals of the revolution with a broad based government guided by the wishes of the proletariat.

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14
Q

What did Stalin favour?

A

A centralised bureaucracy.

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15
Q

Why did Stalin favour a centralised bureaucracy?

A

It gave him the most influence as Secretary of the Party

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16
Q

What did Stalin deny vigorously?

A

That the Soviet Union risked becoming a one man dictatorship

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17
Q

What was the permanent revolution or ‘socialism in one country’?

A

Trotsky believed the Bolshevik revolution in Russia in 1917 was a prelude to similar revolutions elsewhere in Europe.
He said ‘we are building socialism in the USSR’
Stalin disagreed and thought socialism should first be firmly established in the Soviet Union.

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18
Q

What did Trotsky believe about the Bolshevik revolution in Russia in 1917?

A

It was but a prelude to similar revolutions elsewhere in Europe.

19
Q

What did Trotsky say about the Bolshevik revolution?

A

‘We are building socialism in the USSR with the aid of the world proletariat in alliance with the main mass of our peasantry. We shall win final victory because revolution in other countries is inevitable’

20
Q

Why did Stalin disagree with Trotsky’s view of the Bolshevik revolution?

A

He thought socialism should trish be firmly established in the Soviet Union and that once it’s success was obvious, others would follow their example

21
Q

What was the role of the peasants and the drive towards rapid industrialisation?

A

Stalin wanted to press ahead with a programme for the rapid industrialisation of the Soviet Union. He argued the country was surrounded by enemies.
The country needed to catch up and match their industrial and military might.
Could be achieved by the peasants producing sufficient food to feed the industrial workers.
The peasants were enjoying the benefits of the NEP and the kulak class had become prosperous.
In 1924 a poor grain harvest led to price increases, enriching the peasants.

22
Q

What did Stalin argue about the country?

A

It was surrounded by enemies and the capitalist class beyond her frontiers and needed to catch up with them to match their military and industrial might.

23
Q

What did the poor grain harvest lead to?

A

Price increases which enriched the peasants.

Increased pressure of the peasants to increase output and pay higher taxes.

24
Q

What were there differences of opinion on in the politburo?

A

Differences of opinion regarding the role of the peasantry and the speed with which the country needed to industrialise

25
Q

Who was involved in the United opposition?

A

Kamenev
Zinoviev
Trotsky

26
Q

When was the United Opposition formed

A

July 1926

27
Q

What was the United Opposition?

A

An anti Stalinist bloc aimed at opposing the policies of the Right

28
Q

Who backed the United Opposition

A

Krupskaya

29
Q

Who was almost immediately removed from the Politburo after forming the United Opposition

A

Kamenev and Zinoviev

30
Q

Why was the Party Congress of October 1926 stormy?

A

Stalin and Bukharin poured scorn on the United Opposition

31
Q

What happened when Trotsky, Kamenev and Zinoviev made their last speeches to the Congress?

A

Trotsky was heard in silence but Kamenev and Zinoviev were booed and jeered.
Stalin and his supporters took the opportunity to embarrass their opponents.
Kamenev was reminded of his faux pas of 1917. It was recalled that Trotsky used to be a Menshevik.

32
Q

What was Kamenev’s faux pas of 1917?

A

On the abdication of the Tsar Nicholas, he had sent a letter of congratulations to Grand Duke Nicholas on his accession to the throne and later that year he has opposed the Bolshevik coup.

33
Q

What did Trotsky’s Declaration of the 83 attack?

A

Attacked the policies of the leadership and critical of their failures in foreign policy.

34
Q

How did Stalin retaliate to Stalin’s Declaration of the 83?

A

Accused Trotsky of being a traitor

35
Q

Why was the summer of 1926 a difficult time for the United Opposition

A

Without access to the press to put forward their case. They organised public meeting but everywhere they were pilloried and abused.

36
Q

What happened at the Fifteenth Party Congress in December 1927?

A

Matters came for a head when Stalin finally came into us own and convinced the Congress of the need to expel Trotsky and Zinoviev from the party. At the same time, kamenev lost his seat on the centeral committee.

37
Q

Where was Trotsky first sent to?

A

Alma Ata in Kazakhstan close to the Chinese border and in 1929 was finally deported to Turkey.

38
Q

What happened with the Right Opposition?

A

1927 was a hard year because the peasants failed to produce the necessary surpluses and refused to hand over grain, stockpiling it instead.

39
Q

What happened duding a campaign of terror orchestrated by the OGPU?

A

Peasants were victimised and their stocks requisitioned. Those who resisted were murdered

40
Q

What was the OGPU

A

The secret police after the Cheka

41
Q

What was clear about those fighting for control of the party?

A

They were showing little concern at the plight of the opposition and demanded the peasants be better treated and there was a slackening in what they regarded as unnecessary stampede into industrialisation. Their proposals weren’t unsound but Stalin wouldn’t have any of it and declared the peasants has to be dealt with.

42
Q

Did Stalin feel loyalty or obligation to the Right?

A

Two years previously the Right had helped Stalin to overthrow the New Opposition but he felt no loyalty or obligation to them.

43
Q

What happened to the members of the Right Opposition?

A

One by one they were demoted and removed.
In 1928, Tomsky was replaced as leader of the trade unions and wasn’t re-elected to the Politburo.
Bukharin complained ‘Stalin will strangle us’
Bukharin was forced to resign as the editor of Pravda and together with Rykov was expelled from the central committee.

44
Q

Who replaced the Right Opposition?

A

A group of pro stalinists.

Men such as Kalinin, Molotov, Voroshilov

History- Russia (5 decks)

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