Stage 94 Oral Flashcards
How many FPM would we loose with a win milling prop?
-200 FPM
How many FPM would we loose with the landing gear down?
-250 FPM
How many FPM would we loose with flaps 25 degrees and gear down
-490 FPM
How many FPM would we loose with flaps full and gear down
-525 FPM
How would Vmca and performance be affected by applying maximum available takeoff power?
Vmca = increase Performance = increase
How would Vmca and performance be affected by increasing density altitude?
Vmca = decrease Performance = decrease
How would Vmca and performance be affected by propellers in the takeoff position (high RPM)?
Vmca = increase Performance = increase
How would Vmca and performance be affected by landing gear retracted?
Vmca = increase Performance = increase
How would Vmca and performance be affected by having the most unfavorable CG? AFT CG
Vmca = increase Performance = increase
How would Vmca and performance be affected by the critical engine failed?
Vmca = increase Performance = decrease
How would Vmca and performance be affected by applying no more than 5 degrees of bank into the operative engine?
Vmca = decrease Performance = increase
How would Vmca and performance be affected by having the most unfavorable weight (light weight)?
Vmca = increase Performance = increase
How would Vmca and performance be affected by applying takeoff flaps (no flaps)?
Vmca = increase Performance = stay the same
How would Vmca and performance be affected by being out of ground effect?
Vmca = increase Performance = decrease
How would Vmca and performance be affected by trimmed for takeoff?
Vmca = decrease Performance = increase
How is Vyse depicted on the airspeed indicator?
blue line
How is Vmc depicted on the airspeed indicator?
red line
What is the difference between Vmc and MCA
Vmc is specific to multi-engine aircraft
MCA is minimum control airspeed, every aircraft has one
What is Vmcg
minimum control speed on the ground
What is a spin?
an aggravated stall that results in an airplane descending in a helical, or corkscrew path.
What will the flight instruments read in a spin?
Airspeed indicator = relatively constant, close to stall speed
VSI = consistent descent
Rate of turn = show direction your turning
What engines does the carbureted Seminole have?
O-360-A1H6 (Left engine)
LO-360-A1H6 (Right engine)
What engines does the fuel injected Seminole have?
IO-360-B1G6 (Left engine)
LIO-360-B1G6 (Right engine)
What type of carburetor does the Seminole have?
A side draft carburetor, which helps decrease the chance of carb ice because it is on the side versus the very front of the engine
What drives the propeller to high pitch, low RPM?
Nitrogen charge
Mechanical Spring
Counterweights
What drives the propeller to low pitch, high RPM?
Oil pressure
Aerodynamic twisting force
What does the unfeathering accumulator do?
stores and boosts oil pressure so you don’t need to use the starter to start the engine back up after feathering
How many pressure switches are there on the seminole landing gear? What are the pressure switches on the seminole landing gear?
9
3 up limit switches
3 down limit switches
1 pressure switch
2 squat switches on mains
What does the left squat switch do?
prevents gear retraction on ground
turns off the heater blower
What does the right squat switch do?
starts MX hobbs
turns on the stall warning horn
When would you get a check gear annuciation?
- MAP below 14” Hg
- Flaps greater than first notch
- Gear is selected up on the ground
- Below 400’ AGL
What are the stages of a spin?
Entry
Incipient
Fully Developed
Recovery
What are some factors that affect stall speed?
Weight C.G. Load factor Bank Aircraft config Wing contamination
Risk vs Hazard
A hazard is something that can cause harm. A risk is the chance, high or low, that any hazard will actually cause somebody harm.
What are the factors that affect a multi-engine aircraft while operating under 1 engine.
P-factor
Accelerated Slipstream
Spiraling Slipstream
Torque
The Piper Seminole has a total fuel capacity of [_]gallons, the total usable fuel is
[__]gallons.
110, 108
Zero side slip condition in the Piper Seminole is identifed as:
½ ball deflection and 2-3 degrees of bank.
What does the O stand for in the engine name?
Horizontally Opposed Cylinders
What does the 360 stand for?
360 cubic inches of cylinder displacement
Is our engine air cooled or liquid cooled?
air cooled
What is the Oil Pressure minimum psi?
15 PSI
What does the Carburetor do?
Controls the fuel and air mixture
What temperature range is Carb Icing most common?
Between 20-70 Fahrenheit
What are two ways that Carb icing can be identified by?
Identified by loss of Manifold Pressure
Identified by engine roughness
Where does the Carb heat come from?
Heat comes from the exhaust shroud
Why do we not want to takeoff with Carb heat?
The heated air used by the engine is less dense than the outside air and will result in a drop in engine power.
You notice a high CHT and engine temperature. What will you do? (4)
Open cowl flaps
Retard throttle
Lower nose; increase airspeed
Enrichen mixture
What type of Propellers do we have? How many blades? (3 more items to memorize)
Hartzell, two-blade, controllable pitch, constant speed, full-feathering
What does Controllable Pitch mean?
Pilot can control engine RPM by changing the pitch of the propeller blades
What does Constant Speed mean?
Propellers will maintain at a constant RPM regardless of power setting
How is a Constant Speed prop controlled?
By the Prop Governor
What does the Prop Governor do? (2)
Changes the blade angle
Matches load torque with engine torque to maintain RPM
Which way do the fly weights move on High Pitch/Low RPM? Which direction does Oil move?
The fly weights move out! Oil also moves out of prop hub for High Pitch/Low RPM
Which way do the fly weights move on Low Pitch/High RPM? Which direction does Oil move?
Fly weights move in towards each other for Low Pitch/High RPM. Oil moves into the prop hub
What does full feathering do?
Reduces drag by aligning blade with the relative wind
How long does it take for the propellers to feather?
Approx 10-17 seconds
How long does it take for the propellers to unfeather?
Approx 8-12 seconds
What do the anti-feathering pins prevent?
Prevents propeller from feathering below 950 RPM
If we were to lose oil, what would happen to the pitch of the propeller?
The propeller would go to a high pitch and then feather
Tell me about our Landing Gear on the Seminole? (4 things)
Well it’s, Electrically Activated, Hydraulically Actuated, Fully Retractable, Tricycle Type
What turns the gear pump off when the gear is retracted? What would happen if this failed? Would there be any indication?
The pressure switch/getting to 1800 psi. If it fails, the gear would drop by gravity, the indication would be a hydraulic pump fail annunciator.
How does the landing gear retract? What does Hydraulic pressure increase to?
Moving landing gear handle activates the 12V electric hydraulic pump
Hydraulic pressure increases to 1500-1800 PSI
How does the Landing Gear extend? When the Landing Gear is extended, what happens to Hydraulic Pressure psi?
Releasing hydraulic pressure, assisted by gravity and springs. Gear is fully extended when all 3 downlimit switches are closed
Decreases to 400-800 PSI
What are 3 possible reasons that the one or two of the gear lights do not illuminate?
- The gear is not locked down.
- An annunciator is making a false indication
- There is a malfunction in the downlimit switches.
How does Emergency Gear Extension work? (3 things)
- Manual Extension
- Relieves hydraulic pressure
and uses gravity for free fall - Does not require electrical
power
What brand of autopilot do we have in the Piper Seminole? How many axis is it? Will it control our rudder for us?
GFC 700 automatic flight control system(AFCS)
2 axis- lateral and vertical.
Does not control the rudder
What limitations are there with the GFC700 Autopilot?
No Takeoff or Landing
Cannot use below 400 ft AGL for T/O Climb
1000 ft AGL for cruise/descent
200 ft AGL for approaches.
No slower than 80 knots (90 when on approach), 190 knots maximum
10 gal FUEL IMBAL
NO go around
Can I use the autopilot to conduct an OEI approach?
No.
Tell me about our brakes system?
The wheel brakes consistent of two single‐disc double‐puck brake assemblies one on each main wheel.
How many Volts and Amps does our battery have?
24V and 13.6 Amps
How many Volts and Amps do our Alternators have?
28V and 80 Amps (carbureted) 70 Amps (Fuel injected)
seminole electrical buses
essential nonessential avionics battery (hot battery) lighting emergency
How many fuel vents do we have per side? How many total?
2 per side (4 total)
What does the primer do? What needs to be on for the primer to work?
Only pushes fuel into 3 cylinders per engine (Elect. Fuel Pump must be ON)
What are the movements among these 3 axis’s?
Longitudinal Axis = Roll
Lateral Axis= Pitch
Vertical Axis= Yaw
What type of Flaps do we have? What do they do?
Single Slotted. When extended, they open up a slot of space between the wing and the flap. They also increase wing camber.
What kind of heater do we have?
Janitrol Combustion Heater
Where does the fuel come from for the heater?
From the left fuel tank
How many gallons of fuel does the heater use per hour? Janitrol vs C&D
1/2 a gallon per hour vs 2 gallons per hour
When does the Overtemp light illuminate for the heater?
At or above 375 degrees Fahrenheit
In a conventional multi-engine aircraft, which engine is considered critical?
The left engine
What is Vmc?
The minimum speed at which you can maintain directional control
For P-Factor, what is the equation for moment?
Thrust x Arm = Moment
Does a longer arm (from Engine to CG) provide more stability or less?
Less! Longer arm means greater yaw and roll which means more rudder input is necessary to control the aircraft.
Explain P-Factor
The descending propeller blade creates more thrust than the ascending blade. This causes
asymmetrical thrust on each side of the propeller
Explain Accelerated Slipstream
The propellers will accelerate air over the wings. More lift is produced where the propellers
accelerate the air over the wing.
Explain Spiraling Slipstream
The propellers send air spiraling behind them. The more compact the spiral, the more prominent the force. Faster the speed, the more stretched the slipstream becomes.
Explain Torque
As the engine and propeller rotate in one direction, they, in turn, try to rotate the airplane in the other direction. Newton’s 3rd law (action/reaction). Torque always works to the left
For P-Factor, what makes the left engine critical?
Because the descending propeller blade on the right wing engine has a longer arm than the descending propeller blade on the left wing engine, the airplane will have a greater yawing moment to the left due to asymmetrical thrust if the left engine fails than if the right engine fails making it the critical engine
For Accelerated Slipstream, what makes the left engine critical?
Accelerated slipstream always moves the same direction as asymmetrical thrust. If the left engine fails, the right accelerated slip stream due to its longer arm, works harder to yaw the plane to the left, requiring more rudder than if the right engine were to fail (shorter accelerated slipstream in that case) Therefore the left engine is the critical engine.
For Spiraling Slipstream, what makes the left engine critical?
If the left engine fails the spiral slipstream will not hit the tail at all. If the right engine fails the spiraling slipstream will hit the rudder allowing more airflow hitting the rudder making it more effective. This makes the left engine critical.
For Torque, what makes the left engine critical?
If the left engine fails, asymmetrical thrust and torque are moving left. This will require more rudder than if the right engine failed because if the right engine failed, the asymmetrical thrust would be opposing the torque making more rudder available.
Does Vmc speed change based on each days conditions?
yes
What is our Max Ramp Weight?
3816
What is our Max Takeoff Weight?
3800
What is our Max Landing Weight?
3800
What is our Max Baggage Weight?
200
what is accelerate stop distance
distance it takes from starting the takeoff roll, to Vr, lose an engine, and come to a full stop
what prevents us from deep stall
stabilator down spring
do we have a wet or dry sump oil system
wet sump
how does the parking brake work
locks hydraulic fluid in the lines to hold brake pressure
what happens to prop governor in a descent
flyweights out, pilot valve up, pulls oil out of the hub, higher pitch to maintain lower rpm and not overspeed
what is the structural connection of the constant speed system
pilot valve - speeder spring - weights
what is the purpose of the oil bypass filter
if oil is too cold it bypasses the cooling fins
what is the overvoltage relay
kicks the alternator offline if it reaches 32 volts
what is an alternator control unit
voltage control unit that helps with load sharing in the alternator
what does a rectifier do
concert AC to DC
minimum autopilot speed
90 on approach, and 80 in normal operations
What is Vmc
the lowest airspeed at which the aircraft is controllable with one engine inoperative & no flaps
What is Vsse
minimum airspeed for intentionally rendering one engine inoperative in flight for pilot training ; 82 KIAS
What is common carriage?
Common carriage refers to the carriage of passengers or cargo as a result of advertising the availability of the carriage to the public
How is Vmc certified?
Maximum takeoff power Unfavorable weight & C.G. Landing gear retracted Takeoff flaps Trimmed for takeoff Into the inoperative engine (zero sideslip)
Out of ground effect
Prop windmilling
Standard day (density altitude)
Incipient phase
The transition from a stall to a full spin is called the incipient phase
During this phrase, the aerodynamic forces are not balanced and the aircraft is more or less tumbling
Developed Phase
the developed phase begins when the aerodynamic forces are in balance
The spin, although chaotic looking from inside the cockpit, has been established and recovery procedures are now necessary to break the spin
how much PSI is the nitrogen charge in the prop hub?
30-40 psi
What is in the unfeathering accumulator to boost oil pressure?
nitrogen
when does the thermal relief valve activate?
3000 psi
Can we go flying if its below freezing and heater is inoperative?
no
when does the heater shutdown due to the overtemp limit switch?
APPROX 450 DEGREES
How do you turn heater on?
air intake - open
temperature - warmer
Cabin heat - on
How to turn heater off on the ground?
turn on blower fan for 2 minutes before switching off
How to turn heater off in the air?
leave air intake open for 15 seconds before turning off
How do we warm an engine ?
15 manifold pressure
2000 RPM
What PSI is high pressure control?
2400 +/- 200
What PSI is low pressure control?
600 +/- 200
What PSI turns on pressure switch?
1500 +/- 100 PSI
What PSI turns off pressure switch?
1800 +/- 100 PSI
