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Biochemistry 2580 > Stage 1 - Glycolysis > Flashcards

Stage 1 - Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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2
Q

What does the complete oxidation of glucose produce?

A

CO2 and H2O

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3
Q

What is the end product of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate

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4
Q

What does pyruvate get oxidized to in aerobic setting?

A

CO2

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5
Q

What does pyruvate get oxidized to in anaerobic setting?

A

ethanol or lactate

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6
Q

Why does glucose need a transporter?

A

It is highly polar

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7
Q

What catalyzes glucose import?

A

GLUTs

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8
Q

What does insulin do? What happens in diabetes?

A

stimulate GLUT mediated glucose uptake
blood glucose isn’t taken up to cells adequately

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9
Q

What are the first 5 reactions in glycolysis?

A

Prep phase
ATP is used

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10
Q

What are the second 5 reactions in glycolysis?

A

Payoff phase
ATP is produced (net generation of ATP)

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11
Q

Glycolysis first reaction
cofactor
enzyme
what happens

A

Glucose->glucose 6 phosphate
ATP->ADP
hexokinase
*irreversible
phosphorylation of glucose

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12
Q

Glycolysis second reaction
cofactor
enzyme
what happens

A

glucose 6 phosphate->fructose 6 phosphate (ketose/hemiketal)
none
phosphohexose isomerase
glucose is isomerized into fructose

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13
Q

Glycolysis third reaction
cofactor
enzyme
what happens

A

fructose 6 phosphate->fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
ATP->ADP
PFK-1
2nd phosphorylation (priming)

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14
Q

Glycolysis fourth reaction
cofactor
enzyme
what happens

A

fructose 1,6-bisphosphate->dihydroxyacetone phosphate
none
aldose
The 6C fructose is split into 2 3C units
DHAP is immediately hydrolyzed into G3P

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15
Q

Glycolysis fifth reaction
cofactor
enzyme
what happens

A

dihydroxyacetone phosphate->G3P
none
triose phosphate isomerase
interconversion of triose phosphate

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16
Q

Glycolysis sixth reaction
cofactor
enzyme
what happens

A

G3P->1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
NAD+->NADH+H+
G3P dehydrogenase
Energy key of glycolysis - the G3P is bound to cys residue on G3P dehydrogenase and oxidized to enzyme bound thioester which is attacked by Pi

17
Q

Glycolysis seventh reaction
cofactor
enzyme
what happens

A

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate->3-phosphoglycerate
ADP->ATP
phosphoglycerate kinase
substrate level phosphorylation, 2 ATP per 1 glucose, the free E of anhydride bond is recovered in form of ATP

18
Q

Glycolysis eighth reaction
cofactor
enzyme
what happens

A

3-phosphoglycerate->2-phosphoglycerate
none
phosphoglycerate mutase
a functional group is shunted between 2- and 3- OH groups

19
Q

Glycolysis ninth reaction
cofactor
enzyme
what happens

A

2-phosphoglycerate->phosphoenolpyruvate
H2O leaves
enolase
eliminates H2O to create double bond
creation of the second high energy molecule

20
Q

Glycolysis tenth reaction
cofactor
enzyme
what happens

A

phosphoenolpyruvate->pyruvate (enol form)
ADP->ATP
pyruvate kinase
quickly changes to keto form to decrease concentration of reaction product

21
Q

Glycolysis tenth reaction pt 2
cofactor
enzyme
what happens

A

pyruvate (enol form)->pyruvate (keto form)
none
tautomerization
gives rise to large and negative delta G

22
Q

What does the Cori cycle do?

A

Recovery of strenous activity - uses lactic acid produced from glycolysis and moves it to the liver via the blood to turn into glucose which is returned to muscles.

23
Q

What does alcoholic condensation do? What is the ultimate electron acceptor?

A

Yeast converts pyruvate to ethanol + CO2. Not in humans. NAD+ is regenerated allowing glycolysis to continue.
acetaldehyde

24
Q

What happens to pyruvate after glycolysis in aerobic conditions?

A

ETC reoxidizes NADH with O2 and pyruvate will be oxidized to CO2

25
Q

What transports pyruvate into mitochondria?

A

transporter protein

26
Q

Transporter protein - What does the malate aspartate shuttle transport? What enzyme helps?

A

Transfers NADH reducing equivalents from cytoplasm to mitochondrial matrix.
Malate dehydrogenase

27
Q

Transporter protein - G3P shuttle

A

Uses FAD to oxidize G3P, resulting in FADH2

28
Q

What 5 coenzymes does the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex need?

A

NAD+, FAD, CoA, TPP, lipotate

29
Q

What is the reaction that connects glycolysis to the citric acid cycle?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

30
Q

Write a balanced equation for the Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
What are the cofactors?

A

Pyruvate –> Acetyl CoA
NAD+->NADH +H+
CoASH–>

31
Q

People with beriberi, a disease caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, have elevated levels of blood pyruvate. How is this effect related to a deficiency of thiamine?

A

The lack of thiamine leads to thiamine pyrophosphate not being utilized from the lack of the enzyme thiamine pyrophosphate. The carboxylation of a-keto acids can not occur leading to an elevated blood pyruvate.

Biochemistry 2580 (11 decks)

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