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Instrument Rating > Stage 1 > Flashcards

Stage 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the plane need to be airworthy?

A

○ Airworthiness certificate (91.203)
■ Salmon color (special airworthiness certificate)
■ Does not have an expiration date
■ Valid when all maintenance requirements are met
○ Registration (91.203)
■ Valid for 36 calendar months
■ White in color
○ Radio station license
■ Required only for international flights
○ Operating limitations
■ FAA-approved (91.9)
■ Pilot’s operating handbook (POH)
■ Airplane flying manual (AFM)
○ Weight and balance (23.1589)
■ Master weight and balance
■ Completed by a mechanic
■ Often included in the POH binder
○ Placards
■ Stickers and markings as required in POH
○ Data plate
■ A metal plate mounted on the left side empennage
■ Includes registration information such as:
● Date of manufacture
● Model number
● Serial number
● Registration number
○ Compass deviation card
■ Indicates how to account for the error resulting from magnetic influence of nearby equipments

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2
Q

Instrument Pilot Privileges

A

○ Can enter class A airspace
■ Must be on IFR Flight Plan
○ Act as PIC under IFR conditions
○ Fly in IMC

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3
Q

METAR

A

Meteorological Aerodrome Report (METAR)
○ Current/observed weather updated every 50 minutes past the hour
○ Dewpoint
■ Temperature at which air becomes fully saturated
■ When temperature/dewpoint within 2 celsius, expect fog

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4
Q

TAF range can be used

A

Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF)
○ Forecast valid 24 hours, updated every 6
○ Only acceptable to use within 5sm of airport

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5
Q

GFA

A

Graphical Forecast Area (GFA)
○ Available on aviationweather.gov
○ Use when airport does not have a TAF
○ Can see cloud coverage, ceiling, winds, storms, etc

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6
Q

Flight Categories

A

LIFR Low Instrument Flight Rules

IFR Instrument Flight Rules

MVFR Marginal Visual Flight Rules

VFR Visual Flight Rules

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7
Q

LIFR Low Instrument Flight Rules Color / visibility / Ceiling

A

Magenta
below 500 feet AGL
and/or less than 1 mile

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8
Q

IFR Instrument Flight Rules / Color / visibility / Ceiling

A

Red
500 to less than 1,000 feet AGL
and/or 1 mile to less than 3 miles

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9
Q

VFR Visual Flight Rules Color / visibility / Ceiling

A

Green
greater than 3,000 feet AGL
and greater than 5 miles

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10
Q

MVFR Marginal Visual Flight Rules Color / visibility / Ceiling

A

Blue
1,000 to 3,000 feet AGL
and/or 3 to 5 miles

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11
Q

Airport beacon when is it in use

A

● Indicates IFR weather during daytime; or
● Nighttime

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12
Q

What does Winds aloft forecast

A

○ Forecasts wind speed and direction at various altitudes

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13
Q

Absence of winds

A

■ Elevation within 1500’ AGL

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14
Q

Absence of temp

A

■ Elevation within 2500’ AGL

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15
Q

Temps assumed when

A

negative above 24000’ MSL

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16
Q

what does Surface Analysis Chart display

A

Frontal activity and Pressure systems

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17
Q

High Pressure / Visibility / density

A

● Clockwise, outwards, and downwards
● Poor visibility
● Brings higher pressure/density

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18
Q

Low Pressure / visibility / density

A

● Counterclockwise, inwards, and upwards (think tornados)
● Good visibility
● Includes precipitation because of higher humidity
● Lower pressure/density

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19
Q

Warm front / precipitation type / cloud type / visibility / air stability

A

● Slow moving, so change in weather is gradual
● Stratiform clouds
● Poor visibility because air is stable and calm
● Steady precipitation

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20
Q

Cold Front

A

● Cumulus clouds
● Possible thunderstorms
● Showery precipitation

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21
Q

Stationary Front

A

● When warm & cold air masses meet and stop moving
● Lingers for a long time

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22
Q

Occluded Front

A

● When one front catches up to another front moving in the same
direction
● Usually cold front catches up to warm

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23
Q

Isobars

A

■ When close together expect higher winds
■ Pressure measured in millibars

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24
Q

Airmet

A

Airmen’s meteorological information
○ Valid 6 hours
○ Contains moderate weather conditions
○ Tango - Turbulence, >30kt winds, Low level wind shear
○ Sierra - IFR conditions, mountain obscurations
○ Zulu - Freezing

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25
Q

Sigmet

A

Significant meteorological information
○ Valid 4 hours
○ Will affect safety of all aircraft
○ Severe or greater turbulence
○ Dust or sandstorms, Volcanic ash
○ Severe or greater icing

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26
Q

Convective Sigmet

A
  • sigmet related to convective activity (THUNDERSTORMS)
    ○ Valid 2 hours
    ○ Thunderstorms
    ○ Winds >50 kt winds
    ○ Hail ¾” diameter or greater
    ○ Tornadoes
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27
Q

Thunderstorm ingredients

A

3 ingredients to make a thunderstorm

○ Moisture
○ Uplifting action
○ Unstable air

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28
Q

Unstable air definition

A

■ Normal temp decreases 2 celsius per 1000’, unstable is 3 per 1000’

29
Q

Stages of a thunderstorm

A

Cumulus
Mature
Dissipating

30
Q

Cumulus stage

A

● Large updrafts
● Clouds are building in form and height

31
Q

Mature Stage

A

● Both up/downdrafts
● Extreme precipitation
● Lightning

32
Q

Dissipating Stage

A

● Mostly downdrafts
● Microbursts

33
Q

When does Ice develop

A

○ Develops with visible moisture (clouds/freezing rain) when the air is 0°C or less

34
Q

Types of icing on aircraft

A

■ Structural
■ Induction
■ Instrument

35
Q

Structural Icing

A

● Clear - forms when larger water droplets spread and freeze over a
surface - most dangerous because hard to see and heavy
● Rime - forms when smaller droplets freeze immediately when
contacting aircraft surface, appears milky-white
● Mixed - mix of clear and rime

36
Q

Induction Icing

A

● Carb ice/induction air icing

37
Q

Instrument Icing

A

● Pitot-static system

38
Q

Required equipment

A

A TOMATO FLAMES
○ Airspeed indicator
○ Tachometer for each engine
○ Oil pressure gauge
○ Manifold pressure gauge
○ Altimeter
○ Temperature gauge for each liquid cooled engine
○ Oil temperature gauge for each air cooled engine
○ Fuel gauge indicator
○ Landing gear position indicator
○ Anti-collision lights
○ Magnetic direction indicator
○ Emergency locator transmitter
○ Safety belts

39
Q

Which instrument is the Gyroscopic System

A

■ Standby attitude indicator (vacuum powered)

40
Q

Pitot-Static System Components

A

■ Pitot tube
■ Static port

41
Q

Pitot tube purpose and how it works

A

● Collects data to calculate airspeed
● Ram air is forced into pitot by airplane velocity
● Compares ram air to static air from static port to output dynamic air
● Dynamic air is read by instrument

42
Q

Static port purpose

A

● Measures ambient air pressure

43
Q

GPS satelitte count and purpose

A

● Global Positioning System (
● )
○ Uses satellites to triangulate position and altitude in space
■ 24 satellites in constellation
■ 3 satellites required to provide lateral information
■ 4 satellites required to provide altitude information

44
Q

RAIM

A

Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)
■ 5 satellites required to ensure reliable information is being received
■ With bad satellite information, RAIM will annunciate integrity has been compromised and take that satellite offline

45
Q

WAAS

A

Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)
■ Signals from satellites are monitored by ground based stations
■ Ground based stations correct signals for the following errors:
● Clock errors
● Position errors
■ Ground stations send correction data to a master station
■ Master station computes the correction data and prepares a correction message
■ New message is sent to a geostationary satellite (GEO)
■ GEO broadcasts to WAAS receiver on aircraft

46
Q

VOR

A

Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range Range (VOR)
○ Short range radio navigation equipment used to determine relative position and bearing from

47
Q

● VOR Test Facility (VOT)

● Ground tolerances

● Air tolerances

● Dual VOR Check

A

● VOR Test Facility (VOT)
○ Frequency 108.0 MHz
○ 0 degrees FROM / 180 degrees TO

● Ground tolerances
○ +- 4 degrees

● Air tolerances
○ +- 6 degrees

● Dual VOR Check
○ +-4 degrees

48
Q

DME

A

Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
○ Uses slant range (line of sight) to determine distance
○ Most inaccurate when directly over VOR/DME
■ Negligible for every 1 mile away and 1000’ high

49
Q

Compass Errors (VDMONA)

A

Compass Errors (VDMONA)
○ Variation
■ Isogonic lines on sectional depict difference between true north and
magnetic north
○ Deviation
■ Electronic equipment interfere with compass to provide inaccurate readings
○ Magnetic Dip
■ As a compass approaches magnetic poles, compass wants to dip towards the ground
○ Oscillation
■ Mixture of all other errors

50
Q

Northerly Turning Errors

A

Northerly Turning Errors (UNOS)
■ Undershoot North
■ Overshoot South
■ A result of magnet dip
● Compass is a magnet, its attracted to and wants to stay with the
other magnet (pole)
■ Start rollout at ½ latitude + 15 degrees

51
Q

Acceleration Errors

A

Acceleration Errors (ANDS)
■ Accelerate North
■ Decelerate South
■ A result of magnetic dip
● Compass is a magnet, its attracted to and wants to stay with the
other magnet (pole)

52
Q

ILS what type of approach n what it provides

A

Instrument Landing System
○ Precision Instrument Approach
■ Meaning it provides lateral AND vertical guidance

53
Q

Components of ILS

A

Localizer
Glideslope

54
Q

Localizer

A

● Provides lateral guidance
● Width 5 degrees
● Full deflection to one side is only 2.5 degrees

55
Q

Glideslope

A

● Provides vertical guidance
● Angle between 2.5 and 3.5 degrees

56
Q

Marker Beacons

A

● Avionics signal different colors/audible morse codes when passing
over

Outer
Middle
Inner

57
Q

Outer Marker Beacon

A

○ Outer
■ Flashing blue
■ Usually 4-7nm from runway threshold

58
Q

Middle Marker Beacon

A

○ Middle
■ Flashing amber
■ 3500 feet from runway threshold

59
Q

Inner Marker Beacon

A

○ Inner
■ Flashing white light
■ Short and high pitched
■ Approach Lighting System

60
Q

Preflight Instrument check

A

● Compass
○ Fluid
○ Indicates known headings
○ Swings freely
● Heading Indicator
○ Crosscheck with magnetic compass
● Attitude Indicator
○ Allow up to 5 mins for gyro
○ +-5 degrees of known pitch/bank
● Altimeter
○ Set current altimeter setting
○ +-75 feet
○ Add any error to DA/MDA
● Turn and Slip Indicator/Turn coordinator
○ Ball moves to the outside of turn
● Vertical Speed Indicator
○ Take note of starting point
○ Should be 0
● Airspeed Indicator
○ Check during takeoff roll
● Outside Air Temperature (OAT)
○ Check
● Clock
○ Check
● Pitot heat
○ Functional during preflight check

61
Q

Communications Equipment

A

○ Position and stability of antennas
○ Request radio check if necessary
○ Transponder status

62
Q

Navigation Equipment

A

Navigation Equipment
○ VOR antennas
○ GPS database up to date
■ Every 28 days

63
Q

Required Inspections

A

○ Annual (12 calendar months)
○ VOR Check (30 days)
○ 100 hour (if for hire)
○ Altimeter/Pitot-Static check (24 calendar months)
○ Transponder (24 calendar months)
○ ELT (12 calendar months)

64
Q

Required Equipment

A

Required Equipment (GRABCARD)

○ Generator/Alternator
○ Radio
○ Altimeter
○ Ball
○ Clock
○ Attitude indicator
○ Rate of turn indicator
○ Directional Gyro

65
Q

Recency/Currency

A

Recency/Currency (66 HITS)
○ In last 6 months, 6 approaches to include:
■ Holds
■ Intercepting
■ Tracking
■ Navigational Systems

After 6 Months
■ 6 more months to get current with safety pilot
● Safety pilot must be at least a private pilot and appropriately rated in
category/class

○ After 12 months
■ Instrument Proficiency Check (IPC)
● Can be done by designated examiner, CFII, or approved person
● Details found in back of ACS

66
Q

Logging Instrument Actual

A

Actual
○ Be instrument rated, or
○ Accompanied by appropriately rated CFII

67
Q

Logging Instrument Simulated

A

Simulated
○ Safety pilot
■ Appropriately rated in category/class
■ Able to act as PIC
■ Name must be logged in remarks
○ Given instruction by a CFII

68
Q

Logging Instrument Recency

A

Recency
○ Approach must be conducted under actual IMC conditions until passed the FAF
○ Or under simulated conditions down to minimums

Instrument Rating (5 decks)

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