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Speech Sound Disorders > SSD Quiz 1 > Flashcards

SSD Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Communication

A

process consisting of 2 or more people sharing information, refers to any way we convey information from one person to another

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2
Q

Speech

A

most widely used means of communication, expression of thoughts in spoken words, verbal output

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3
Q

Under umbrella of speech

A

articulation, fluency, voice

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4
Q

Articulation

A

motor production of speech sounds

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5
Q

Fluency

A

flow of speech, rate and rhythm

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6
Q

Voice

A

vocal quality, pitch, loudness, resonance

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7
Q

Language

A

complex and dynamic system of conventional symbols used for various modes for thought and communication, rule governed

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8
Q

Under the umbrella of language

A

phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics

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9
Q

Communication Disorders

A

impairment in the ability to receive, send, process and comprehend concepts

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10
Q

Many different types of communication disorders…

A

speech, language, hearing, central auditory processing

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11
Q

Speech Disorder

A

indicates oral, verbal communication that is so deviant from the norm that it is noticeable or interferes with communication

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12
Q

Examples of speech disorders

A

articulation disorder (lisp), fluency disorder (stutter) or voice disorder (loss of voice)

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13
Q

Language Disorder

A

impaired comprehension and or use of spoken, written, and/or other symbol systems, may involve phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.

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14
Q

Hearing Disorder

A

impaired auditory sensitivity leads to a hearing impairment

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15
Q

Central auditory processing

A

difficulties with information processing of auditory signals that are not the result of hearing impairment

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16
Q

Articulation vs phonology

A

Articulation: subcategory of speech, motor processes, consists of phones
Phonology: subcategory of language, understanding of sound systems in a language, consists of phonemes

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17
Q

Phones vs Phonemes

A

phones relate to articulation, just simply the production of a sound vs phoneme is related to phonology, when combined with other unites distinguish meaning between words

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18
Q

Phonology

A

study of how phonemes are organized and function in a language

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19
Q

Phonotactics

A

allowed combinations of phonemes in a particular language

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20
Q

Example of ASL phonology?

A

movement, location, repetitions

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21
Q

Speech Sound Disorders

A

umbrella term referring to any difficulty or combination of difficulties with perception, motor production or phonological representation of speech sounds and segments

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22
Q

Articulation Disorder

A

atypical articulation (substitutions, omissions, additions and distortions) interfering with intelligibility, errors can be age appropriate or atypical, can cause frustration

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23
Q

Phonological Disorder

A

Impaired understanding of the phonological system of a particular language, if child produces swing, sing, ring and wing as wing they are not using required phonemic contrasts to indicate differences in meaning of words

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24
Q

Are articulation and phonology mutually exclusive?

A

NO, articulation is form (production) and phonology is functions (linguistic understanding)

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25
Q

Assessment of articulation/phonological disorder

A
  1. phonetic inventory: list all phones produced
  2. phonemic inventory: list of phonemes used to differentiate meaning, whichever sounds are being substituted
  3. phonotactic constraints: can they use target phonemes in all possible positions of the word? ex child might use /k/ in cat but in cake the word would be /kei/
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26
Q

Oral and Pharyngeal Cavity in Newborn

A

-oral and pharyngeal cavity used for sucking and swallowing actions
-tongue fills the oral cavity completely leaving practically no space for the buccal area
-production of sounds are severely restricted

27
Q

Newborn Larynx

A

-larynx is close to the angle between neck and chin
-restricted position which does not allow the vocal tract to efficiently elongate

28
Q

Anatomical changes by 1st birthday

A

-laryngeal and pharyngeal cavity expands
-changes in form and mobility of the arytenoid cartilages (vocal folds), soft palate and tongue
-fine tuning and coordination of lips, mandible, tongue and velar movements

29
Q

Early speech perception

A

-auditory experiences begin before birth (3rd trimester)
-fetus have a clear sensitivity to melody contours in language and music
-newborns prefer mothers voice
-cry melodies appear to be shaped by native language

30
Q

Categorical Perception

A

-tendency of listeners to perceive differences in speech sounds according to classification of their native language
-demonstrated via sucking rate study

31
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

ability to identify same sounds across difference speakers, pitches, and others changing environmental conditions

32
Q

Phonemic Contrasts

A

-differentiating between phonemes that signal differences in word meanings
-some contrasts develop earlier then others for example /b-d/ 18 months /s-z/ 24 months

33
Q

Prelinguistic stage 1

A

reflexive crying and vegetative sounds (birth to 2 months)

34
Q

Prelinguistic stage 2

A

cooing/gooing and laughter or controlled phonation (1-4 months)

35
Q

Prelinguistic stage 3

A

vocal play or expansion (3-8 months)

36
Q

Prelinguistic stage 4

A

basic canonical babbling (5-10 months)

37
Q

Prelinguistic stage 5

A

advanced forms (9-18 months), jargon, diphthongs, echolalia this babbling stage overlaps with the first meaningful words

38
Q

Canonical Babbling

A

reduplicated or non-reduplicated babbling (variegated babbling)

39
Q

vocoids and contoids

A

are nonphonemic vowel/consonant like productions, attempts

40
Q

Syllable Shape

A

-late in babbling period, open syllable babbling is most frequent ex: V, CV, VCV, CVCV
-by 24 months toddlers expand on their syllable structures considerably ex: CVC, CVCVC, CCVC

41
Q

Prosodic Features

A

consider stress and intonation of a language, infants in canonical babbling phase are beginning to learn prosodic features

42
Q

The beginning of linguistic phase is what age?

A

first 50-word stage, by 12-24 months

43
Q

The first 50-word stage

A

-refers to the time children begin using first words up to 18-24 months -an entity of relatively stable phonetic form that is produced consistently by a child in a particular context and is recognizable related to the adult-like word form of a particular language
ex: /ba/ for ball vs /dodo/ for ball
-usually begin to combine words in this stage (approx. 18 months)

44
Q

Invented forms

A

child uses a ‘word’ consistently but not in recognizable adult forms

45
Q

vocables

A

like real words but do not carry meaning

46
Q

protowords (phonetically consistent forms)

A

function as real words but not based on adult models, considered the link between babbling and adult-like speech

47
Q

Who are “late talkers”?

A
  • at 24 months, child has <50 word vocabulary
    AND/OR
    -phonetic inventory with only 4-5 consonants and limited variety of vowels
48
Q

Pre-schooler (3-4 yr old)

A

-by the end of preschool years a complete phonological system has emerged

49
Q

Development of Vowels

A
  • 18 months: acquisition of a, U, i, I, schwa with correct productive 23-71%
  • 24 months: the only vowels that did not reach 70% accuracy were er stressed and unstressed
  • by 3 years old, all vowels
50
Q

Phonological Processes: Syllable Structure Processes

A
  • the general tendency of young children to reduce words to basic CV structures
  • reduplication, final consonant deletion, unstressed syllable deletion or weak syllable deletion, cluster reduction, epenthesis
51
Q

Phonological Processes: Substitution Processes

A

when one sound is substituted for another, stopping, fronting, gliding, consonant cluster substitution

52
Q

Phonological process: Assimilation processes

A

when one speech sound influences another, regressive assimilation

53
Q

Phonemic Awareness

A

subcategory of phonological awareness, refers only to the phoneme level

54
Q

Reduplication

A
  • syllable structure process
    -repeating syllable or part of syllable to create a word
    -baba instead of bottle
55
Q

final consonant deletion

A
  • syllable structure process
    -omitting a singleton consonant at the end of the word
    -ex cat –> /kae/
56
Q

Unstressed or weak syllable deletion

A

-syllable structure process
-deletes a weak or unstressed syllable
-nana instead of banana

57
Q

Epenthesis

A

-syllable structure process
-adding a sound between two consonant
-typically stressed schwa
-black –> balack

58
Q

Cluster reduction

A

-syllable structure process
-omitting one of more consonants in a sequence of consonants
ex grape –> /gep/
-cluster reduction with S omits the s in the intial position of cluster
ex step –> tep

59
Q

Stopping

A

-substitution process
-adding a stop in place of a fricative or affricate
-toap instead of soap
-/p, b, t, d, k, g/

60
Q

Fronting

A
  • substituting a front sound for a back sound
    -can –> tan
    -dog –> dod
    -key –> tey
61
Q

Gliding

A

-substitution
-r and l are often substituted with w

62
Q

Consonant Cluster substitution

A

-when one sound in a cluster is substituted for another sound
-princess –> pwincess
-green –> gween

63
Q

Regressive assimilation

A

-assimilation process
-sound is impacted by the sound that comes after it
-have to sounds likes haf to
-information sounds like imformation

Speech Sound Disorders (2 decks)

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