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SS China Test #1 > SS Test #1 > Flashcards

SS Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Four Orders

A
  1. Government officials
  2. Peasants
    - provide food for country
  3. Artisans
    - independent business owners
  4. Merchants
    - not contributing anything to society
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2
Q

Mandate of Heaven

A

Power of the emperor from gods. An idea that applied to the rise and fall of dynasties. When the dynasty started to fall it was because the gods no longer believed that dynasty could rule. This also gave the people the right to rebel.

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3
Q

Confucius and Confucianism

A

Confucius outlined his ideas about how to secure social harmony and good government.

Chinese social SX proved stable and enduring because their society was self regulating

Confucianism focused on painting order and stability within China. Revolved around the idea that people should be giving to society. Durable because it was life based on respect and unity

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4
Q

Li (idea not person)

A

Proper conduct according to status

One should know their place in society and work to do well and thrive within their place

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5
Q

Port of Canton / Guangzhou

A

The only port foreign countries could trade with China through

More ports were demanded through the treaty of Tianjin which Beijing refuses to sign

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6
Q

Tribute System

A
  • China viewed itself as being at the top compared to other European countries
  • Any state wishing to establish relations w/ china had to go through tribute system
  • Countries were given the right to honor emperor by bringing gifts and then he would allow them to trade
  • Had to trade through Port of Canton
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7
Q

The First Opium War

A
  • Qing dynasty was obliged to trade with Britain in order to boost economy. Lin tried to end opium trade and British rebelled.
  • War was declared and because of China’s weak military they were forced into negotiations
  • Treaty of Nanjing ended the 1st Opium war and opened 5 new ports to trade and abolished the cohort system.
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8
Q

The Second Opium War

A
  • Treaty of Nanjing and others failed to put an end to the opium problem
  • The British, and other European countries, presented the Treaty of Tianjing which would open up 11 more ports and legalize opium trade
  • China refused to sign
  • Wars resulted in a lose for everyone because Britain did not see the predicted economical gains and China was unhappy.
  • Wars resulted in China being humiliated and seen as a second class country
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9
Q

What contributes to China’s sense of uniqueness?

A

China’s scholar gently made it stand out among other countries
-Positions were not passed through family but given based on exams and working for said positions

Government system was unique in that it was the emperor’s job to to serve the people, not vice-versa

Many early technological achievements and a complex economy

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10
Q

Chinese Social Hierarchy

A

Similar to the 3 bonds:

  • Children are suppose to obey parents
  • Wives to be submissive to husbands
  • People submissive to the emperor
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11
Q

Value System

A
  • Elders get most respect in society
  • Father/Grandfather is the voice of authority in the home
  • Common interest valued over individual (you are viewed by what your family contributes to society
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12
Q

Dynastic Cycle

A
  • The cycle of growth and decline of a dynasty during their rule
  • First the society would be thriving and there would be peace, but then it would begin to decline and civilians happiness would decline
  • Rulers became corrupt and rebellion would follow
  • Linked to the idea of Mandate of Heaven
  • Fall of a dynasty meant the gods no longer supported them and was time for a new emperor
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13
Q

Describe Chinese Bureacracy

A
  • Bureaucracy was first established by Han dynasty in ancient china. Created censorate that kept track of responsibilities of different sections of government
  • Maandarinate were men who made up the government system who were highly educated and trained for their position
  • Bureaucracy restend on the gentry w/ the emperor on top
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14
Q

Three Bonds and Five Relationships

A

Bonds: emperor/subject, father/son, husband/wife

  • Goes back to confucian order and the hierarchy of society
  • How if you oppose someone of a higher rank they will win because of their status over you
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15
Q

How did China change during the Ming Dynasty?

A
  • Chinas technological advancements declined greatly, especially agriculture, and began to fall behind other European countries
  • Ming dynasty failures caused invasion of the Manchus, thus bringing the Qing Dynasty
  • The Qing dynasty now faced the issues left from Ming dynasty, including overpopulation which is still an issue in modern day china
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16
Q

What factors led to China’s decline?

A
  • Technology fell behind other European countries because it had not adopted the scientific method
  • Confucianism was holding china back because it did not stress creative and critical thinking
  • Chinas growing population began to weigh the economy down
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17
Q

What internal factors threatened the Qing Dynasty?

A
  • Growing population match with and increase in food shortage
  • Government becoming more corrupt, making the peasants pay more, leading them into poverty
  • Military began to decline due to these factors
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18
Q

How did China view their relations with the rest of the world?

A
  • Viewed itself at the top compared toothed European countries
  • Other countries had to go through a tribute system in order to have relations with China
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19
Q

Taiping Rebellion

A
  • 1850-1864
  • Hong was the leader of the movement who claimed to be Jesus’ brother
  • The Hakkas tried to remove confucianism and replace with Christianity and tried to eliminate Qing Dynasty
  • Ultimately fails
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20
Q

Significance of the Taiping Rebellion

A
  • Anticipates same ideas that nationalists and the communists will bring later
  • Brings in schools of thought that will come up down the road. Leading to the self strengthenings campaigns
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21
Q

Hong Xiuguan

A
  • Leader of the Taiping’s

- Believed he was the brother of Jesus

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22
Q

Warlords

A
  • After the rule of Yuan Shikai there is no clear ruler of China. The Warlords are in control 1917-1927
  • First United Front brings their rule to and end
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23
Q

Self-strengthening

A
  • Slogan created by Li Hongzhang (leader after Taiping Rebellion)
  • Stated that it was necessary to mankind to strengthen its self in order to maintain peace and harmony
  • Used it to appeal Chinese tradition
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24
Q

Tongzhi Restoration

A
  • Post Opium wars and Taiping rebellion
  • Effort to modernize china whilst keeping with confucian ideas
  • After years of war China has fallen behind other European countries, Tongzhi restoration was efforts made by Qing dynasty to strengthen China against western imperialism.
  • It was a top-down reform that ultimately failed
  • Self-strengthening was a part of this
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25
Q

Li Hongzheng

A
  • Became most important leader in China after the fall of the Taipings
  • Had access to western knowledge, which he used to create an industrial empire in China
  • Used Self-strengthening slogan to appeal against Chinese tradition
26
Q

Sino-Japanese War

A
  • Japan and China have an interest in Korea
  • Japan had better ships and technology and Japan wins war
  • Russian convince France and Germany to help remove Japan from the peninsula—> Triple Intervention
  • Treaty pof Shimonoseki ends Sino-Japanese War
27
Q

Kang Youwei

A
  • Most influential reformer during this time
  • Wanted to westernize China
  • To integrate modern theories by stating that western countries had already practiced confucianism
28
Q

Hundred Days Reform

A
  • Kang travels to Beijing where he issues a series of reforms
  • He demanded his reforms be followed
  • Wanted his reformed to lead to a constitutional monarchy
29
Q

Why did Kang’s Reforms fail?

A
  • Failed because they were a clear threat to the government because he wanted to abolish the confucian ideal
  • Kang wanted to do things too quickly and was being demanding, did not reflect well in his favor
30
Q

Significance of the Hundred Days Reform

A
  • Form the Hundred Days Reform, China realized that reform from above didn’t work in China
  • The failure of the reform led to increased xenophobia (extreme dislike from people of other countries)
31
Q

Boxers

A
  • Christian missionaries (granted right to enter freely into China form the Treaty of Tianjin) came into China trying to convert to Christianity
  • Chinese felt threatened
  • The Boxers (formally the Righteous and Harmonious Fists) were a group of people that were against the spread of western ideas in China (ex. Christianity)
  • Carried attacked against foreigners and Christians
32
Q

The Boxer Rebellion

A

-Began due to the spread of Christianity throughout China
-Boxers (against westernization) began to destroy churches and other property
-Major turning point in China history, last attempt to save the Qing Dynasty
-Other nations perceived China as a lesser nation, and the rebellion weakened China’s international image
-Finally in 1905 the traditional system in China was abolished and the rebellion failed
-Reaction against the growing number of christian missionaries
-Seen as bringing the unwanted western influences
-Boxers put down and Boxer protocol is made
-330 million dollar war debt to be paid back
Handicaps china when they are still paying for it come WWII

33
Q

Boxer Protocol

A
  • Provided execution of government officials who supported the Boxers
  • Provisions for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing
34
Q

Sun Yatsen

A
  • 1905, when the traditional system in China was abolished, people wanted to see change
  • Got together and established the Tongmenhui (lated the Guomendang or GMD) with Sun Yatsen as leader
  • Developed his Three Principles of the People, which were Nationalism, Democracy, and Social wellbeing
  • Given the title of “The Father of the Revolution” referring to the 1911 revolution
  • In the end Sun Yatsen found he was unable to complete his goals and the people were unhappy
35
Q

When was the 1911 Revolution?

A

October 10th, 1911

36
Q

When was the official end to the Qing Dynasty?

A

February 12, 1912 when the emperor abdicates

37
Q

Yuan Shikai

A
  • Shikai is the first president of China
  • During his time as president, factionalism became a huge problem. He failed to implement democracy into China which was looked down upon in other countries
38
Q

What were the effects of the Sino-Japanese War?

A
  • Negative effect on China
  • China lost the war, giving Japan control over parts of Korea
  • However, the war was successful in that it led to many reforms including the 100 days reform
39
Q

Why didn’t China modernize efficiently?

A
  • Some believed China failed to modernize because foreign aggression and imperialism got in the way of China being able to compete with the west
  • China’s growing population also proved hard to keep up with as farmers struggled to produce enough food to support it
40
Q

What were the effects of WWI on China?

A
  • After WWI the Chinese military was still lacking and China was not as modernized as other countries were
  • China is upset because Japan gained the Shinadong Province
  • WWI als led to the May 4th movement, which was a series of revolts by people who were upset with China’s political system
41
Q

May 4th Movement

A
  • After WWI riots break out because people are upset that Japan gained the Shinadong Province
  • 3,000 students marched to Tianimen Square and began to boycott Japanese products
  • The May 4th movements was the largest demonstration of national dissent up to this point
42
Q

Nationalists (Nationalists Decade)

A
  • 1927-1937
  • The Nationalists Decade begins with the white terror, which was a purge of the communists
  • The nationalists establish control of China under Chiang Kai-shek’s rule
  • Chiang Kai-shek is not a very popular leader
43
Q

Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

A
  • Confounded by Chen Duxiu in 1921

- Opposed the GMD (Nationalists)

44
Q

Chen Duxiu

A

-Cofounder of the China Communist Party (1921) and established the New Youth Publication, which challenged Chinese Tradition

45
Q

Mao Zedong

A
  • Participated in the May 4th Movements, but becomes interested in communism
  • Wants to see a positive change in China and believes that the peasants (not proletariats like Russia) would lead the revolution because they are the majority
  • Wants modern educational programs
  • Wants modern educational programs
  • Tells people to flee from Nationalists which leads to the long march
46
Q

Sun-Joffe Manifesto

A
  • Between Sun Yatsen and Adolf Joffe for the cooperations of the GMD and the Soviet Union
  • It announced the willingness of the Soviet Union to cooperate with the GMD
47
Q

Chiang Kai-shek

A
  • He took over the GMD for Sun Yatsen when he died
  • Sets Nianjing as capital of GMD and wants to take back control over China and he does this by a series of attacks on the communists
  • Purges the communist party by 1927
  • Trying to fuse the modern western European traditions with confucianism
48
Q

Chiang Kai-shek

A
  • He took over the GMD for Sun Yatsen when he died
  • Sets Nianjing as capital of GMD and wants to take back control over China and he does this by a series of attacks on the communists
  • Purges the communist party by 1927
  • Trying to fuse the modern western European traditions with confucianism
49
Q

What were Chiang Kai-shek’s failings?

A
  • Did not know where and how to lead China
  • Knew that China needed to be modernized and drew many of his ideas from western European countries
  • However, they were the racist ideas of Hitler and Mussolini
50
Q

First United Front

A
  • This was an agreement between Sun Yatsen and the comintern

- Wanted to end warlordism in China and unite the country

51
Q

Northern Expedition

A
  • 1926 Chiang Kai-shek (GMD Nationalists) thought time had come to move against warlords
  • 50,000 Nationalist troops marched north
  • Lead to the White Terror
  • Nationalists vs Warlords
52
Q

Shanghai Massacre (White Terror)

A
  • Chiang Kai-shek and GMD suppress communists in Shanghai
  • Following this the GMD carried out a purge of communists
  • The result of this was the Nationalist part splitting into two groups
  • Chiang Kai-shek establishes himself as leader of right wing GMD
53
Q

New Life Movement

A
  • The New Life Movement was on of Chiang kai-shel’s plans to “modernize” China
  • He demanded that Chinese sit up straight, eat politely, never spit, etc…
  • He believed this and mutual respect would cause people to shape up and be better and thus the nation as a whole to be better
54
Q

Long March

A
  • Happens after the White Terror

- Communists march thousands of miles to the north of China to escape the Nationalists

55
Q

Mao’s Three Magic Weapons

A
  • Mao says that these are the methods that will win agains the Nationalists and win the civil war.
    1. The United Front (working with the nationalists to defeat Japanese)
    2. Party Building (growing strength of the communist party)
    3. Prepping for Guerilla warfare
56
Q

The Yan’an Way

A
  • Nationalist blockade had cutoff supplies from the CCP
  • Mao initiated a movement that everyone would pitch in to grow food, not just the farmers
  • Education was a crucial part of this as well
  • Literacy campaigns taught people how to read
57
Q

Zhengfeng

A
  • Mao’s thought reform

- Has final step in becoming the unquestionable leader of the CCP

58
Q

What challenges did the CCP face during the 1930’s?

A
  • During this time they were scattered all of China and very worn down from constant attacks by the Nationalists
  • Divided within their political views
  • They were always trying to find a way to define themselves agains Nationalist attacks
59
Q

Describe Chiang’s campaigns against the Communists

A
  • During the late 1920’s Chiang developed a series of “experimentation” campaigns against the Communists
  • After around 4 attempts Chiang finally defeated the Communists with help from the Nazi’s
  • Mao initiated the Long March and the feel to north China.
  • GMD finally controlled China
60
Q

What was the significance of the Long March?

A
  • After the Nationalists (Chiang) defeated the Communists (Mao)
  • Big defeat for the Communist party in that it was them retreating and giving power to the Nationalists `

SS China Test #1 (2 decks)

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