SS FINAL 2 Flashcards
GEOGRAPHY
- India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
- Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra rivers
- ⓌⒾⓃⓉⒺⓇ ⓂⓄⓃⓈⓄⓄⓃ: brings dry air and moderate temperatures
- SUMMER ⓂⓄⓃⓈⓄⓄⓃ: brings rain, and often causes flooding
HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION
- cities had a citadel overlooking each city, cities were laid out in a grid pattern, cities had brick houses with flat wooden roofs, houses had at least one bathroom with drains and chutes connecting to a sewer beneath the streets
- most people worked the land, they grew WHEAT, BARLEY, RICE, COTTON; food surpluses allowed some people to DO OTHER WORK LIKE COMMERCE AND ARTS
- they worshiped gods associated with NATURAL FORCES
- inscribed pictograms have been found on package seals, but have not been depicted
- REASONS FOR DISAPPEARANCE: climate change, disease (tb and/ or leprosy), socio-economic upheaval, invasion
MAURYAN EMPIRE
321 BC - 185 BC
- After the death of Macedonian King, Alexander the Great in 323 BC, CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA BEGAN CONQUERING THE MACEDONIAN SATRAPIES (PROVINCES OR AREAS RULED BY MACEDONIAN GOVERNORS) AND UNITED NORTHERN INDIA UNDER HIS CONTROL
- Throughout his reign, he continued to expand the empire through CONQUEST and ALLIANCES
* One alliance was with Selecus, a Macedonia satrap. To seal the alliance, CHANDRAGUPTA MARRIED SELECUS’S DAUGHTER AND GIFTED SELECUS WITH 500 WAR ELEPHANTS - army consisted of 600,000 infantry, 30,000 cavalry, and 9,000 war elephants
- ACCOMPLISHMENTS: established a bureaucracy, established standardized weights and measures, established standards for physicians
ASHOKA
- was Chandragupta Maurya’s grandson
- ASHOKA’S ROCK EDICTS: laws written in local languages so people could read them
- was inspired to become Buddhist after observing the horrors of war
GUPTA EMPIRE
350 AD - 550 AD
chandragupta I
- He used WHATEVER MEANS NECESSARY TO REMAIN IN CONTROL
- HINDUISM became the dominant religion
chandragupta II
- Iron pillar of Delhi: BUILT BY CHANDRAGUPTA II AFTER HIS VICTORY AGAINST VIHILAKAS, IT STOOD FOR MORE THAN 1600 YEARS WITHOUT RUSTING OR DECOMPOSING
TRADE ROUTES AND ECONOMY
1) monsoon winds took ships from India to Egypt
2) goods were carried overland by camels and then again by boat on the Nile River to Alexandria (Capital of Egypt)
3) from Alexandria the goods reached the Roman Empire
CASTE SYSTEM
- People were BORN into a caste.
- They could not MOVE INTO A DIFFERENT CASTE.
- Laws dictated what EACH CASTE COULD AND COULD NOT DO
Brahmins Kshatriya Vaishya Sudra Dalit (untouchables)
ROLE OF WOMEN
- Women had to OBEY THEIR FATHER, HUSBAND, OR SON
- They could not OWN PROPERTY OR STUDY SACRED WRITINGS
- *POLYGYNY: the practice of men having more than one wife
- *SUTTEE: the practice of wives throwing themselves on top of their husbands (in a fire, they burn with their husbands)
EDUCATION
- only boys in the upper class(es) were educated
- they studied the Great Epics, astronomy, math, warfare, and governments
ACHIEVEMENTS
- PANCHATANTRA: collection of fables
- MATH: abstract and negative numbers; algebra
- ASTRONOMY: identified 7 planets; understood the rotation of the Earth; predicted sun and moon elcipses
- MEDICINE: set bones; evidence of plastic surgery; had free hospitals; knew about the need for cleanliness and disinfection; had a small pox vaccine
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INOCULATION - the practice of infecting a person with a mild form of the disease so they will not become ill from the more serious form
HINDUISM
- polytheistic
SACRED BOOKS AND TEXT:
- Vedas: sacred works of Hindu religious literature - Upanishads: (800-300 BC) contains Hindu beliefs
REINCARNATION: rebirth of the soul, continues until a person has reached spiritual perfection (cycle of rebirth is determined by karma)
* KARMA: how a person lives determines what form the person will take in the next life
* DHARMA: correct actions for one's class, helps achieve karma
(good actions means a soul will be reborn to a higher caste in next life, bad actions means a soul will be reborn in a lower caste in the next life)
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AHIMSA: non violence, requires the believer to protect humans, animals, insects, plants
MOKSHA: release from the pain and suffering of rebirth and becoming one with the universal spirit
BUDDHISM
SIDDDHARTHA GAUTAMA (FOUNDER)
In 563, Siddhartha Gautama was born in luxury and was raised as a prince. He was shielded from sickness and death. One day, as Gautama’s charioteer was driving him around, he encountered sickness, old age, and death for the first time. He decided to find out why people suffered and how it could end. At the age of 29, he left his wife and newborn son and began his search. He wandered throughout India for about 7 years and while meditating, he gained the answer and began sharing it.
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4 NOBLE TRUTHS:
1) All people suffer and know sorrow
2) Desires cause suffering (in other words, people suffer because they try to get things they cannot have)
3) End suffering by eliminating desires
4) Eliminate desire by following the Eightfold Path
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EIGHTFOLD PATH
1) Know truth
2) Resist evil
3) Say nothing to hurt others
4) Respect life
5) Work for the good of others
6) Free mind from evil
7) Control your thoughts
8) Practice meditation
DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN BUDDHISM AND HINDUISM
BUDDHISM
- Eightfold Path
- after Hinduism
- began around 570 BC
- karma
- you follow Eightfold Path, you can achieve Nirvana
~ NIRVANA: the freedom from reincarnation and being at one with the universe (more of a lifestyle)
- anybody can achieve nirvana
SIMILARITIES
- both originated in India
- both believe in reincarnation
- both focus on non-violence (animsa)
- moksha
- karma
HINDUISM
~DHARMA: correct actions for one’s class
~KARMA: how a person lives determines how they will live in the next life
- only Brahmins can achieve moksha
- 4 Noble Truths
- VEDAS: sacred scripture
ROLE OF BRITISH
harvested resources from India while Hindus and Muslims fought
BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY
- established in 1600 to sell Indian products around the world such as sugar, cotton, and silk
