SQA - recall points for scottish wars Flashcards
Describe relationship between John Balliol and Edward I
Edward decided Treaty of Birgham was no longer valid since marriage had not gone through, he demanded Balliol to agree to this.
Only week into Balliol’s reign when a burgess of Berwick appealed to Edward over a court decision made by Guardians that John had upheld. - made to change decision - shows weakness.
MacDuff case - MacDuff disinherited from lands. Took case to Edward who then gave case to Bishop Fraser for short while. MacDuff arrested. Brought case to Edward again who then gave case to Balliol. He claimed that Edward had no right to hear, then forced to go to Westminister. Edward was in no mood Balliol had to change decision - humiliated. showed weakness of balliol.
During Battle of Berwick, Balliol flew and hid from his responsibilities as a leader. He then reached kincardine castle. failed to gather remainder of surviving nobles. shows his weak reign.
Scotland made agreement with France that Balliol’s younger brother Edward, had to marry Philip the Fair’s daughter - count of Valois and anjou. shows his weakness.
Describe why scots asked edward to resolve the succession crisis in scotland
Maid of norway - only direct surviving blood relation to Alexander III had died on way over to Scotland causing partial succession crisis in scotland.
Edward should have come to an understanding with balliol and this is the only way to avoid a civil war
balliol was also manouvering for the crown. he had established a close relationship with Bishop Bell, Edward’s chief representative in Scotland.
fear that guardinaship would collapse.
Alexander had a good working relationshipwith Edward I of England.
Earls of Mar and Atholl were also collecting their army which further led to fear of civil war.
describe reasons for ultimate success of Bruce in maintaining Scotland’s independence
Robert rewarded his followers from lands of his enemies and thus ensured loyalties.
Robert negotiated a mutual defence treaty with france in 1326 as part of his policy to ensure a stable inheritance for his son
Bannockburn represented a major victory for robertit was the start of his fearful reputation as a great warlord who couldn’t be beaten
Bannockburn had more of an imoact on domestic politics in Scotland than any real long term military benefits. Robert passed legislation forbidding nobles holding land in both England and Scotland
Robert took land from the disinherited at Cambuskenneth and shared it among his supporters to gain their loyalty
as well as the 1315 invasion Robert attacked England no fewer than 5 times (1316,1318,1322,1323, and 1328)
campaign of 1322 was particularly impressive and culminated in battle Old Byland which almost saw a repeat of Bannockburn and capture of Edward II.
describe the relationship between John balliol and edward I (diff answers)
despite scots early confidence and the fortification of Berwick the city fell quickly to Edwards more professional and experienced army.
earl of surrey defeated scottish army at Dubar many scottish knights and nobles were captured.
king john’s humiliating surrender at kincardine.
Edwards march northward to Elgin and acceptence of oaths of loyalty from nobles along the way (Ragman’s roll)
edwards removal of stone of destiny and scottish legal documents to prevent inauguarttion of a future king
edward fotrced women and children to abandon berwick and repopualted it with people from northumbria.
garrison of castle surrendered under laws of Chivalry and Edward allowed them to go but townsmen and burghers were slaughtered.
describe the succession problem
bruces determined to stake their claim of power
john balliol’s success would both maintain and even increase comyn power
After maid’s death the marriage treaty of birgham between edward and margaret became null and woid
guardians negotiated specific treaty protecting margaret’s rule as Queen of Scots.
tragic death of alexander III on 19th march 1286
end of golden era
17th nov 1292 - edward made his decision - balliol
award of norham - paid oath to edward and accepted his role as feudal overlord.
describe the growth of the Scottish resistance to King Edward 1296-1297
resistance to the english grew in south west and in north west led by Murray and Wallace
William Wallace and Andrew Murray brought leadership to Scottish resistance
Nobles - Bruce and Steward armed revolt against Edward at Irvine
Andrew Murray took castles at Inverness, Elgin and Duffas
scottish victory at Battle of Stirling Bridge - 11th september 1297
Wallace and Murray appointed as Guardians of Scotland
Wallace invaded North of England around carlisle and newcastle
describe the succession recall points (own)
Alexander III’s children died during the 1280s along with his wife. He had no heir to the throne, which gave him personal issues and the kingdom political problems. The death of Prince Alexander meant that Scotland had to acknowledge the fact that the Maid of Norway would be their next heir to the throne.
Alexander married again in 1285, to Yolande, the daughter of a wealthy french nobleman. However they failed to reproduce, which made civil war possible. The only other heir was the Maid of Norway, but she was far too young yo govern.
19th March 1286 - King Alexander III died due to a Horse Riding accident when he was travelling from Dundee to see Yolande his wife. This then made the propspect of war possible and Scotland left in the hands of three year old Maid of Norway.
The death of Alexander was the end of the Golden Age. This age overlooked Scotland’s increased export of wool to Flanders, Belgium. This age lessened the possibilities of civil war.
Due to the Maid of Norway being only three when she was made ruler of Scotland, they had to appoint 6 Guardians to look after Scotland until Margaret was old enough. these 6 guardians involved 2 earls, 2 bishops and 2 barons. this was a short term solution to a long term problem.
There was a marriage treaty made bonding Margaret the Maid of Norway and Edward I’s son Edward - Treaty of Birgham. Maintained Scottish Independence and it helped lessen the threat of civil war.
October 1920, the Maid of Norway dies on way over to Scotland. This made the Treaty of Birgham null and void and made civil war more possible. A new king had to be chosen as well.
Great Cause - King Edward had to chose the next King of Scotland. there were 13 claimants in total, but only three had a serious claim - they were all descendants of the Earl of Huntingdon.
Award of Norham - this is when the claimants agreed that Edward was their overlord and had legal possession of the Kingdom. John Balliol was last claimant to agree to Edward becoming overlord. Edward had the choice of giving the kingdom away.
17th Nov 1292 - Edward made his decision - he chose John Balliol as his new King. This is because of the inheritance law that stated that the oldest living relative of the King is the next King. John descendant of eldest daughter Earl David whereas Robert Bruce was a descendant of Earl David’s middle daughter
describe the balliol recall points (own)
Balliol was relatively inexperienced as a leader of a major family, compared to his brothers who had been given more instruction.
burgess of berwick case - guardians ruled legal complaint, given to john who was forced to change it - humiliating
macduff case
scotland without ruler for 6 years. administrative grown weak - strong hand. especially true for westeren isles as noblemen thought john was wrong for king
1294 - english wanting scotland to fight against french with them. largest trading partner. sent envoys to kinf of france and at beginning of 1296 treaty against england was settled.
12 new guardians appointed in defiance
balliol renouncing homage to edward. maintain independence
marriage treaty - balliols bro and philip the fair’s daughter - count of valois and anjou
100, 000 men assembled - scottish. levies n tenants as part of legal obligation. confidence high - based upon no real experience. little experience in large engagements.
balliol - fled n hid way to kincardine castle where he failed to gather surviving nobles. weakness of leadership of balliol
1296 march north. lower half taken. gateway to orthern half - stirling castle taken. abandoned castle when heard edward coming - weak defence
three days - townsfolk surrender. garrison of town of berwick surrendered. brutaility of english
john surrendered 10 july 1296. forced to apologise publicly to edward and surrender throne and scottish kingdom. royal badge of scotland ripped from surcoat - toom tabard
1600 nobles n burgess swore oath to King Edward - Ragman’s Roll. showed edwards domination of scottish politics.
stone of destiny taken from scone n transported to westminister. scottish crown jewels including black rood of st margaret followed.
describe wallace’s recall points
Murrays escape and return to north east appear to be coincided with Wisharts rebellion in south west. unknown if unintentional or if two groups working together, both complemented each other
murray’s attack on urquhart unsuccessful. 2nd attempt successful. managed to drive out eng garrison out of inverness, elgin, duffas, banff n aberdeen castles 1297, met wallace at siege of dundee.
core of wallaces and murrays followers were from north east - murray and selkirk forest - wallace. summoned local men under laws of common army of scotland.
wallace’s men were from all over clydesdale and addition of sir william douglas’ forces. two confronted sir william ormesby - hated as much as cressingham. - escaped, managed to intercept bruce’s messengers along with steward and bishop wishart
describe the changing military balance between scotlanf
wallace - forced to fight at battle of falkirk of july 1298 by nobles who were not in favour of retreating. retreat - unprof for noblemen. suggested since wallace not noble he wouldnt be a gentleman. offended - fought. failed tho
115 barons and baronets attendend edwards forces along with supporters. total 2000 cavalry force. levies of welsh summoned from south - made successful win for english. scottish less prepared.
some say wallace prepared land in advance by digging stakes in front of schiltrons to provide extra defence against english. if true - backfired. schiltrons unable to maneouvre to any great degree - targets for english n welsh longbow men.
losing of battle of falkirk - wallace resigned guardianship. without noble heritage to fall back on or support from nobility he had no long term hope of political survival. due to change in balance, decided to resign.
describe crushing resistance by Edward
after loss of falkirk wallace resigned as Guardian. falls out of recorded history until capture in august 1305. continued to fight for john balliol to be king once more. resistance decreased as wallace left country to petition thoughts about balliol to philip IV and pope. murray died after stirling bridge.
summer 1304 majority of resistance collapsed. wallace running out of hiding spots. betrayed by sir john mentieth 3 August. taken to lonodn to face trial for treason. he never swore an oath of fealty to edward so could not be triedl. - ignored
wallace hanged, drawn, qaurtered, disembollowed and beheaded. head sent to tower of london. rest of body went to newcastle, berwick, perth and stirling.
assumed by some that wallace’s death caused widespread dissatisfaction among public. no evidence. records show no riots, or uprising in 1305 in perth or stirling where his body was held. historian andrew fisher believed scots exhausted by war. states no more rebvellion was taking place in name of wallace or balliol. peeps just accepted it
