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SPSS Ch Review Questions > SPSS and statistics ch 3 > Flashcards

SPSS and statistics ch 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Quantitative research

A

The investigator uses scientific inquiry starting with the statement of a problem that addresses a gap that when addressed should improve professional practice

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2
Q

Research questions

A

should be specific, testable, using empiracle methods, feasible and imply a statistical procedure

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3
Q

What are descriptive statistics?

A

With descriptive statistics you are simply describing what is or what the data shows.
This inclus=des the Mean, standard deviation, median mode, range

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4
Q

What are inferential statistics?

A

With inferential statistics, you are trying to reach conclusions that extend beyond the immediate data alone. For instance, we use inferential statistics to try to infer from the sample data what the population might think.

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5
Q

What is a construct?

A

A construct is a concept for a set of related behaviors or characteristics of an individual that cannot be directly observed or measured
The research must operationalize the construct in order to collect valid data

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6
Q

constitutive definition of a construct

A

a dictionarylike definition using terms commonly understood within the discipline providing a general understanding of the characteristics that will be studied

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7
Q

operational definition of a construct

A

Describes a measurement procedure that must be identified before actual measurement can take place…it operationalizes the construct by describing how it will be measured.

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8
Q

What are range effects?

A

The consequence of using a measure that is inappropriate for a specific group. Can be avoided by planning and operationalizing constructs

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9
Q

What is a ceiling effect?

A

A ceiling effect is the clustering of scores at the high end of a measurement scale

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10
Q

What is a floor effect?

A

A floor effect is the clustering of scores at the low end of a measurement scale

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11
Q

What is sampling?

A

Sampling involves the collection, analysis and interpretation of data gathered from random samples of a population under study.

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12
Q

What is the target population?

A

The target populatiuon is the population to which the research wants to generalize research study results

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13
Q

What is the experimentally accessible population?

A

The experimetally accessible population is the subset of the target population to which the researcher has experiemtal access

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14
Q

what is the sample?

A

The sample is the group of participants from the experimentally accessible population who will participate in the research study and will be studied

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15
Q

What is probability sampling?

A

Uses some form of random selection of research participants from the experiemtally accessible population

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16
Q

What is a cluster random sample?

A

This is a sample in which existing clusters are randomly selected and then each member of the cluster are used in the research
Can lead to external validity issues
o conduct a cluster sample, the researcher first selects groups or clusters and then from each cluster, selects the individual subjects either by simple random sampling or systematic random sampling. Or, if the cluster is small enough, the researcher may choose to include the entire cluster in the final sample rather than a subset from it.

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17
Q

What is a simple random sample?

A

A sample selected from a population in such a manner that all members of the population have an equal and independent chance of being selected.

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18
Q

What is nonprobability sampling?

A

This does not involve the use of randomization to select research participants
The difference between nonprobability and probability sampling is that nonprobability sampling does not involve random selection and probability sampling does. Does that mean that nonprobability samples aren’t representative of the population? Not necessarily. But it does mean that nonprobability samples cannot depend upon the rationale of probability theory.

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19
Q

What is a convenience sample?

A

Here the researcher relies on available participants.
The major risk is the ability to generalize the results to a known target population because the convenience sample may not be representative of the target population

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20
Q

What is a purposive sample?

A

A purposive sample is selected on the basis of the researcher’s knowledge of the target population. The researcher selects a research population who are similar to this population in attributes of interest

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21
Q

What is a quota sample?

A

This is a stratified convenience sampling strategy. The sample is formed by selecting research participants who reflect the proportions of the target population on key demographics

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22
Q

What is the sampling frame?

A

The sampling frame is a list of sampling units which may be individuals, organizations, or other units of analysis from an experimentally accessible,population.
Randomly selecting study participants from a suitable sampling frame is an example
Of probability sampling

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23
Q

What is sampling error?

A

Sampling error occurs when the researcher is working with sample data rather than population data. There is a probability that one’s sample from a population will not reflect the characteristics of the population because of chance error
Increasing sample size reduces sampling error
5% sampling error is acceptable

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24
Q

What is non sampling error?

A

Caused by human error and includes:
Specification error
Coverage or frame error
Nonresponse error
Measurement error when data collection is not reliable
Processing error as a result or editing errors, coding mistresses, data entry errors, programming errors

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25
Q

What is measurement?

A

Measurement is the process of representing the construct with numbers in order to depict the amount of a phenomenon that is present at as given point in time

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26
Q

What are three types of measurement?

A

Self report measurement…least accurate
Physiological measurement. Pertains to the body
Behavioral measurement…observed through observation

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27
Q

What is triangulation?

A

Triangulation is the use of more than one measurement technique to measure a single construct in order to enhance

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28
Q

What is a distribution?

A

A distribution is a list of the individual scores related to some measured construct
When one examines the interrelationships among these scores-how they cluster together and how they spread out- the one is examining the distribution

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29
Q

What is an asymptotic distribution?

A

A sample distribution that approximates the true distribution of a random variable for large samples but not necessarily for small samples

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30
Q

What are gaussian distributions?

A

Gaussian or normal distributions model continuous random variables the form a bell shaped curve

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31
Q

What are binomial distributions?

A

Binomial distributions model discrete random variables. A binomial random variable represents the number of successes in a series of trials in which the outcome is either success or failure

32
Q

What are poisson distributions?

A

Poisson distributions model discrete random variables. It typically is the count of the number of events that occur in a given time period when the events occur at an average rate

33
Q

What are geometric distributions?

A

Geometric distributions model discrete random variables. It typically represents the number of trials required to obtain the first failure

34
Q

What are uniform distributions?

A

These model both continuous random variables and discrete random variables. The value of a uniform random variable are uniformly distributed over an interval

35
Q

What is scaling?

A

Scaling is the branch of measurement that involves the construction of an instrument
Includes Likert, Guttmann and Thurstone

36
Q

What is a Likert scale

A

fixed choice response format to a series of equal weight statements regarding attitudes, opinions, and/or experiences. Produce interval scale data, also viewed as interval

37
Q

What is Guttman scaling?

A

Items are ordered so that if the respondent agrees with any specific statement in the list he also agrees with all the previous statements

38
Q

What is Thurstone scaling?

A

Respondents rate each item on a 1-11 scale in terms of how much each statement elicits a favorable attitude representing the entire range of attitudes from extremely favorable to extremely unfavorable. A middle rating is for items in which participants neither hold a favorable nor unfavorable opinion. The scale attempts to approximate an interval level of measurement and takes the strength of the individual items into consideration

39
Q

What are variables?

A

A variable is any characteristic or quality that varies

Once a construct has been operationalized and measured, the resultant measurements represent one or more variables

40
Q

What is a random variable?

A

This is a variable where the alum has been determined by chance

41
Q

What is a continuous variable?

A

A continuous variable can take on any value between two specific values

42
Q

What is a discrete variable?

A

A discrete variable is one that cannot take on all values within the limits of the variable. It is also know as a categorical variable

43
Q

What are scales of measurement?

A

Measurement scales are used to define and categorize variables.they are categorized as ratio, interval, ordinal and nominal
These scales influence the statistical data one can use to analyze the data as well as the statistics used to describe the data

44
Q

What are ratio scale variables?

A

Ratio scale variables allow one to quantify and compare the sizes of differences between them
Ratio scales have an absolute zero

45
Q

What are interval scale variables?

A

These scales are equal to each other but do not have an absolute zero so negative values are permissible

46
Q

What are ordinal scale variables?

A

Ordinal scale variables allow one to rank and order the items one measures in terms of which has less and which has more of the quality represented by the valuable, but they do not provide information regarding much more
In other words the values simply express an order of magnitude with no constant intervals between units

47
Q

What is collapsed ordinal data?

A

This is ordinal data in categories such as socioeconomic status

48
Q

What is nominal data

A

Nominal data are unordered categories
Also known as categorical or discrete variables
Allow for only qualitative classification

49
Q

What is measurement validity?

A

Validity refers to the relative correctness of a measurement.
It evaluates how well an instrument measures a construct and refers to the degree to which evidence and theory support the interpretations of rest scores

50
Q

What is face validity?

A

Face validity is an evaluation of the degree to which an instrument appears to measure what it purports to measure.
It refers not to what the test actually measures, but what it appears to superficially to measure
It pertains to whether the test looks valid. To the examinees who take it, the administrative personnel who decide on its use and other technically untrained observers

51
Q

What is content validity?

A

Based on the extent to which a measurement reflects the specific intended domain of content based on the professional expertise of experts in the field
It depends on established theories of support

52
Q

What is construct validity?

A

This refers to whether an instrument actually reflects the true theoretical meaning of a construct, to include the instrument’s dimensiality.
I also refers to the degree to which inferences can be made from the operationalizations in a study to the theoretical constructs on which those operationalizations are based

53
Q

What is convergent validity?

A

This is the degree to which scores on one test correlate with scores on other tests that are designed to measure the same construct.

54
Q

What is discriminant validity?

A

Discriminant validity is the degree to which scores on one test do not correlate with scores on other tests that are not designed to access the same construct

55
Q

What is criterion validity?

A

This refers to how adequately a test score can be used to infer an individual’s most probable standing on an accepted criterion
It includes predictive validity and concurrent validity

56
Q

What is predictive validity

A

Predictive validity is the effectiveness of an instrument to predict the outcome of future behavior

57
Q

What is concurrent validity?

A

Concurrent validity is the effectiveness of an instrument to predict present behavior by comparing to the results of a different instrument that has been known to predict that behavior.
The relationship between the two tests reflects concurrent validity if the two measures were administered at about the same time, the outcomes of both measures predict the same time, the outcomes of both measures predict the same present behavior, and one of the two tests is known to predict this behavior.

58
Q

What is normal distribution?

A

A smooth curve is referred to as a density curve. The area under any density curve sums to 1.
The area under the curve on any interval represents the proportion of observations in that interval
Normal curves are unimodal and symmetric about the mean
Mean=median=mode=Q2

59
Q

What is a Gaussian distribution?

A

This is a normal bell shaped distribution

60
Q

Why do we transform raw scores into standardized scores?

A

For two reasons:
It facilitates interpretation of raw scores
It allows comparison of two scores on two different scales

61
Q

What is a standard score?

A

This is a general term referring to a score that has been transformed for reasons of convenience, comparability etc.

62
Q

What is a basic type of standard score

A

A z score is an expression of the deviation of a score from the mean score of the group in relation to the standards deviation of the scores of the group
Most other standard scores are linear transformations of z scores, with different mean and standard deviation

63
Q

What is the z score distribution?

A

The z score distribution is the standard normal distribution, N(0,1), with the mean = 0 and the standard deviation = 1
A z score is a way of standardizing the scales of two or more distributions.
Z scores permit one to describe a particular score in terms of where it fits into the overall scores in a normal distribution

64
Q

What does a positive z score indicate?

A

A positive z score indicates the number of standard deviations a score is above the mean of its own distribution, whereas the negative score indictes the number of standards deviations a score is below the mean of its own distribution

65
Q

What is a T score?

A

A T score is a normalized standard score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10
Since T scores do not contain decimal points or negative signs they are used more frequently than z scores
T= 10z+50

66
Q

What is a normal curve equivalent (NCE) score?

A

NCE scores are normalized standard scores with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 21.06
The standards deviation of 21.06 was chosen so that NCE scores of 1 and 99 are equivalent to the first and 99 th percentile
NCE=21.06Z+50

67
Q

What is a stanine score?

A

Stanine scores are groups of percentile ranks consisting of nine specific bands, with the 5th stanine centered on the mean, the first stanine being the lowest, and the ninth stanine being the highest. Each stanine is one half standard deviation wide.

68
Q

What is standardized norm-referenced testing?

A

A norm referenced test defines the performance of the takers in relation to one another. In contrast, a criterion referenced test defines the performance of each test taker without regard to the performance of others.
A standardized norm referenced test is a norm referenced test that assumes human traits and characteristics, such as academic achievement and intelligence, are normally distributed.

69
Q

What is item and test analysis?

A

Item analysis is the process used to evaluate the effectiveness of items in a test by exploring the examinees’ responses to each item. Test analysis, on the other hand examines how the test items perform as a set.

70
Q

What does item analysis provide?

A

Item analysis provides such useful information as the difficulty of each item, the discrimination power of the item, and other properties of choices or distractors

71
Q

What are the applications of item analysis?

A

Two applications:
Psychometric tests
Achievement tests

72
Q

What questions do you ask when doing an item analysis?

A

Once the responses are tabulated which includes how many individuals got each item correct, how many chose each of the incorrect answers anyhow many skipped the item
Can answer:
How difficult is the item
How does the item distinguish between higher and lower scoring examines
Do some examines select all the options? Or are there some options that no examines chose?

73
Q

What is a discrimination index?

A

The discrimination indent is used to determine if each item on a test adequately discriminates between upper and lower achieving examinees. Top and bottom 27%

74
Q

What is the point biserial correlation?

A

This can be used to correlate the test takers performance on a single test item. With the total score on the test
It is applied to both a dichotomous and a discriminate variable

75
Q

What is a positive coefficient?

A

This means that test takers who correctly answered the item generally did well on the test as a whole, while those who did poorly on the item did poorly on the test

76
Q

What does a negative coefficient mean?

A

A negative coefficient means that test takes who did well on the test as a whole missed the item while those who did poorly on the test correctly answered the item

SPSS Ch Review Questions (2 decks)

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