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Crespi Biology > Spring Final chs. 8-10, 13, 14 > Flashcards

Spring Final chs. 8-10, 13, 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

in a eukaryotic cell, the chromosomes are located in the __

A

nucleus

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2
Q

There are two organelles in a cell that have their own DNA. These organelles are the __ and the __

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

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3
Q

The stages of mitosis, in order

A
  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
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4
Q

mitosis or meiosis?

results in daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell

A

mitosis

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5
Q

mitosis or meiosis?

results in daughter cells that are different from each other and from the parent cell

A

meiosis

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6
Q

mitosis or meiosis?

creates two daughter cells

A

mitosis

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7
Q

mitosis or meiosis?

creates four daughter cells

A

meiosis

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8
Q 
mitosis or meiosis?
creates body (somatic) cells
A

mitosis

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9
Q

mitosis or meiosis?

creates sex cells (gametes)

A

meiosis

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10
Q

mitosis or meiosis?

is used for growth and repair of damaged tissue

A

mitosis

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11
Q 
mitosis or meiosis?
creates diploid (2n) cells
A

mitosis

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12
Q 
mitosis or meiosis?
creates haploid (n) cells
A

meiosis

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13
Q

Mendel’s law of __ states that a sperm or egg only carries one allele for each character, since each parent’s alleles separate during meiosis

A

segregation

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14
Q

Mendel’s law of segregation states that a sperm or egg only carries one allele for each character, since each parent’s alleles separate during __

A

meiosis

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15
Q

Mendel’s law of segregation states that a sperm or egg only carries one __ for each character, since each parent’s alleles separate during meiosis

A

allele

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16
Q

Mendel’s law of __ states that each pair of alleles separates independently during meiosis, so that the inheritance of one character does not affect another

A

independent assortment

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17
Q

Mendel’s law of independent assortment states that each pair of ___ separates independently during meiosis, so that the inheritance of one character does not affect another

A

alleles

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18
Q

Mendel’s law of independent assortment states that each pair of alleles separates independently during __, so that the inheritance of one character does not affect another

A

meiosis

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19
Q

Mendel’s law of independent assortment states that each pair of alleles separates independently during meiosis, so that the inheritance of one __ does not affect another

A

character

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20
Q

the parental flowers in Mendel’s crosses were purebreds, meaning they were __zygous

A

homozygous

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21
Q

When Mendel crossed purebred purple with purebred white flowers, all the offspring had the __ phenotype and the genotype __

A

purple; Pp (heterozygous)

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22
Q

AA and aa are both examples of __zygous genotypes

A

homozygous

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23
Q

a __ trait is one that is masked in the presence of the dominant trait

A

recessive

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24
Q

A __ square can be used the predict the outcomes of parent crosses

A

Punnett

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25
Q

The genetic instructions for making a protein are broken up into three-base “words” called __

A

codons

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26
Q

In DNA, A pairs with _

A

A pairs with T

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27
Q

In DNA and RNA, G pairs with _

A

G pairs with C

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28
Q

In RNA, A pairs with _

A

A pairs with U

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29
Q

If a strand of DNA has the sequence

ACTGG

what will the complementary DNA sequence be?

A

TGACC

30
Q

If a strand of DNA has the sequence

ACTGG

what will the complementary RNA sequence be?

A

UGACC

31
Q

__ is the process that converts DNA to mRNA

A

transcription

32
Q

transcription occurs in the __ of the cell

A

nucleus

33
Q

proteins are made of long chains of __ __

A

amino acids

34
Q

__ is the process that converts RNA to a protein (amino acids)

A

translation

35
Q

translation occurs on __ in the __ of the cell

A

ribosomes; cytoplasm

36
Q

The amino acids in a protein are joined by __ bonds

A

peptide

37
Q

The enzyme __ __ is involved in transcription. It builds the mRNA molecule by adding __

A

The enzyme RNA polymerase is involved in transcription. It builds the mRNA molecule by adding nucleotides

38
Q

4 bases of DNA

A

adenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine - DNA only

39
Q

4 bases of RNA

A

adenine
guanine
cytosine
uracil - RNA only

40
Q

Two types of nucleic acid

A

DNA and RNA

41
Q

the building blocks of DNA and RNA are __

A

nucleotides

42
Q

the three parts of a nucleotide

A
  • sugar
  • phosphate
  • nitrogen base
43
Q

He generated the idea of natural selection

A

Darwin

44
Q

This term describes evolution that occurs when individuals with certain traits survive and reproduce more than other individuals. Over time, species become better adapted to their environments.

A

natural selection

45
Q

Darwin’s ship, on which he discovered well-adapted animals in the Galapagos Islands

A

HMS Beagle

46
Q

equation that describes a nonevolving population, where the gene pool remains constant

A

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

47
Q

a change in the gene pool of a small population, due to chance

A

genetic drift

48
Q

two examples of genetic drift

A

founder effect

bottleneck effect

49
Q

occurs when one population exchanges alleles with another population, usually because of migration

A

gene flow

50
Q

a measure of how much an individual contributes to the gene pool of the next generation

A

relative evolutionary fitness

51
Q

three types of selection

A
  • stabilizing
  • directional
  • disruptive
52
Q

type of selection that favors one extreme phenotype

A

directional selection

53
Q

type of selection that favors the medium phenotype

A

stabilizing selection

54
Q

type of selection that favors both extreme phenotypes

A

disruptive selection

55
Q

According to the biological species concept, a species is a group of organisms who can __ and produce __ offspring

A

a species is a group of organisms who can INTERBREED and produce FERTILE offspring

56
Q

the origin of a new species

A

speciation

57
Q

the origin of a new species in the same area, with no geographic barriers

A

sympatric speciation

58
Q

the origin of a new species during geographic speciation

A

allopatric speciation

59
Q

anything that prevents individuals from different species from interbreeding

A

reproductive barrier

60
Q

a reproductive barrier that blocks interbreeding BEFORE the formation of a zygote

A

prezygotic barrier

61
Q

a reproductive barrier that blocks interbreeding AFTER the formation of a zygote

A

postzygotic barrier

62
Q

five types of prezygotic barriers

A
  • temporal isolation
  • habitat isolation
  • behavioral isolation
  • mechanical isolation
  • gametic isolation
63
Q

which prezygotic barrier:

mating in different species happens at different times

A

temporal isolation

64
Q

which prezygotic barrier:

different species live in different areas

A

habitat isolation

65
Q

which prezygotic barrier:

different species are not attracted to each other

A

behavioral isolation

66
Q

which prezygotic barrier:

structural differences between species prevent sex

A

mechanical isolation

67
Q

which prezygotic barrier:

female and male gametes cannot fertilize

A

gametic isolation

68
Q

three types of postzygotic barriers

A
  • reduced hybrid viability
  • reduced hybrid fertility
  • hybrid breakdown
69
Q

which postzygotic barrier:

hybrid zygotes do not develop well

A

reduced hybrid viability

70
Q

which postzygotic barrier:

hybrids do not produce healthy gametes and cannot reproduce

A

reduced hybrid fertility

71
Q

which postzygotic barrier:

hybrids produce offspring that are weak or sterile

A

hybrid breakdown

72
Q

the discipline of biology that focuses on classifying organisms and finding their evolutionary relationships

A

taxonomy

Crespi Biology (2 decks)

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