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Philosophy II- Logic > Spring Final > Flashcards

Spring Final Flashcards

1
Q

Q
What are the 3 Mental Acts?

A

Simple Apprehension
Judgment
Deductive Inference(Composition/Division)

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2
Q

What are the 3 Verbal Expressions?

A

Term
Proposition
Syllogism

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3
Q

What is Logic?

A

The science of right thinking or The act of thinking

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4
Q

Why are terms important?

A

They are good for understanding [arguments]

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5
Q

What does a Logical Form include?

A

Subject, Predicate, & Copula

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6
Q

What do “S, C, P” all express?

A

They are abbreviations for the subject-term, predicate-term, and copula

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7
Q

What does a Proposition include?

A

Subject-term, Predicate-term, & Copula

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8
Q

What is an example of a Proposition?

A

“All men are mortal”
“Socrates is a man”
“Socrates is mortal”

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9
Q

How do we derive a Contraposition?

A

Obvert it, Convert it, Obvert it again = Contraposition

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10
Q

Nominative Predicate?

A

It tells us about the subject

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11
Q

Logical Form

A

form in which a sentence must be in, in order to be handled logically

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12
Q

Proposition

A

a sentence or statement that expresses truth or falsity

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13
Q

Judgment

A

the mental act whose verbal expression is a proposition

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14
Q

Quality

A

(of a proposition) has to do with whether it’s affirmative or negative

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15
Q

Quantity

A

(of a proposition) has to do with whether it’s universal or particular

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16
Q

Contradictory Statements

A

statements that differ in both quality & quantity

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17
Q

Contraries

A

statements that are both universal statements, but differ in quality

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18
Q

Subcontraries

A

statements that are both particular statements, but differ in quantity

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19
Q

Subalterns/Subalternates

A

statements that have the same quality, but differ in quantity

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20
Q

Distribution

A

the status of a term in regard to its extension

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21
Q

Obversion

A

the change in quality and negation of the predicate

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22
Q

What are the 2 Qualities?

A

Affirmative(Affirmo)
Negative(Nego)

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23
Q

What are the 2 Quantities?

A

Universal(singulars)
Particular

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24
Q

Conversion

A

the switch of the subject(S) with the predicate(P)

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25
Q

Particulars

A

a subset of universals- all particulars are derived from universals

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26
Q

What is the form of A statements?

A

All S is P

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27
Q

What is the form of E statements?

A

No S is P or All S is not P

28
Q

What is the form of I statements?

A

Some S is P

29
Q

What is the form of O statements?

A

Some S is not P

30
Q

What is the form of O statements?

A

Some S is not P

31
Q

What are the types of Universal statements?

A

Singular, All, and Every

32
Q

What is the chart with the qualities and quantities of all 4 statements called?

A

Square of Opposition

33
Q

What is a Copula?

A

are (not)

34
Q

What are the Mental Acts & Verbal Expressions together called?

A

Acts of the Intellect

35
Q

What is the Subject, Predicate, and Copula of the statement: All elephants are pachyderms.

A

Subject- Elephants
Predicate- pachyderms
Copula- are

36
Q

How do you change this sentence into a statement: Elephants love to blow bubbles?

A

All elephants are animals(pachyderms) who love to blow bubbles.

37
Q

Modus Pollens

A

P is to Q
P
therefore Q

38
Q

Modus Tollens

A

P is to Q
~Q
therefore ~P

39
Q

What is Modus Pollens doing?

A

It is affirming the antecedent

40
Q

What is Modus Tollens doing?

A

It is denying the consequent

41
Q

Denying the Antecedent

A

P is to Q
~P
therefore ~Q

42
Q

Affirming the Consequent

A

P is to Q
Q
therefore P

43
Q

Example of the process of a Contraposition with “All cats are animals.”

A

(obversion) All cats are not non-animals
(conversion) All non-animals are not cats
(obversion) All non-animals are non-cats <-contraposition

44
Q

Example of the process of an obversion with “Some flowers are not red.”

A

some flowers are not RED
some flowers are NOT RED

45
Q

Example 2 of the process of an obversion with “Some flowers are not non-red things.”

A

some flowers are not non-red things
some flowers are RED

46
Q

(Rule I) Fallacy of 4 Terms

A

there’s more than 3 terms distinguished terms

47
Q

(Rule I) Fallacy of Equivocation

A

the use of an ambiguous middle term

48
Q

(Rule III) Fallacy of Illicit Major

A

when major term is distributed in conclusion, but not in major premise

49
Q

(Rule III) Fallacy of Illicit Minor

A

when minor term is distributed, but not in the minor premise

50
Q

(Rule IV) Fallacy of Undistributed Middle

A

when middle term is not distributed in either premise, meaning the premises are insufficient to justify the conclusion

51
Q

(Rule V) Fallacy of Exclusive Premise

A

when the arguement is invalid because both of its premises are negative( a.k.a no conclusion follows from 2 negative premises)

52
Q

(Rule VI) Fallacy of Drawing a Negative Conclusion from an Affirmative Premise

A

when although the conclusion might be true, it’s not justified by its premises

53
Q

(Rule VII) Fallacy of Drawing an Affirmative Conclusion from a Negative Premise

A
54
Q

Rule #1

A

must be 3(& only 3) terms

55
Q

Rule #2

A

middle term mustn’t occur in the conclusion

56
Q

Rule #3

A

if term is distributed in conclusion, then it must be distributed in premise

57
Q

Rule #4

A

middle term must be distributed at least once

58
Q

Rule #5

A

no conclusion can follow from 2 negative premises

59
Q

Rule #6

A

if 2 premises are affirmative, conclusion must also be affirmative

60
Q

Rule #7

A

if either premise is negative, conclusion must also be negative

61
Q

What are the 2 types of compound statements?

A

Disjunctive
Conjunction

62
Q

Hypothetical

A

if P, then Q

63
Q

Truth value

A

meaning whether it’s true or false

64
Q

What are the possible Truths & Falses of a Hypothetical?

A

P > Q
t T t
t F f
f T t
f T f

65
Q

What are the possible Truths & Falses of a Conjunction?

A

P ^ Q
t T t
t F f
f F t
f F f

66
Q

What are the possible Truths & Falses of a Disjunction?

A

P V Q
t T t
t T f
f T t
f F f

Philosophy II- Logic (3 decks)

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