Spring Final Flashcards
Q
What are the 3 Mental Acts?
Simple Apprehension
Judgment
Deductive Inference(Composition/Division)
What are the 3 Verbal Expressions?
Term
Proposition
Syllogism
What is Logic?
The science of right thinking or The act of thinking
Why are terms important?
They are good for understanding [arguments]
What does a Logical Form include?
Subject, Predicate, & Copula
What do “S, C, P” all express?
They are abbreviations for the subject-term, predicate-term, and copula
What does a Proposition include?
Subject-term, Predicate-term, & Copula
What is an example of a Proposition?
“All men are mortal”
“Socrates is a man”
“Socrates is mortal”
How do we derive a Contraposition?
Obvert it, Convert it, Obvert it again = Contraposition
Nominative Predicate?
It tells us about the subject
Logical Form
form in which a sentence must be in, in order to be handled logically
Proposition
a sentence or statement that expresses truth or falsity
Judgment
the mental act whose verbal expression is a proposition
Quality
(of a proposition) has to do with whether it’s affirmative or negative
Quantity
(of a proposition) has to do with whether it’s universal or particular
Contradictory Statements
statements that differ in both quality & quantity
Contraries
statements that are both universal statements, but differ in quality
Subcontraries
statements that are both particular statements, but differ in quantity
Subalterns/Subalternates
statements that have the same quality, but differ in quantity
Distribution
the status of a term in regard to its extension
Obversion
the change in quality and negation of the predicate
What are the 2 Qualities?
Affirmative(Affirmo)
Negative(Nego)
What are the 2 Quantities?
Universal(singulars)
Particular
Conversion
the switch of the subject(S) with the predicate(P)
Particulars
a subset of universals- all particulars are derived from universals
What is the form of A statements?
All S is P
What is the form of E statements?
No S is P or All S is not P
What is the form of I statements?
Some S is P
What is the form of O statements?
Some S is not P
What is the form of O statements?
Some S is not P
What are the types of Universal statements?
Singular, All, and Every
What is the chart with the qualities and quantities of all 4 statements called?
Square of Opposition
What is a Copula?
are (not)
What are the Mental Acts & Verbal Expressions together called?
Acts of the Intellect
What is the Subject, Predicate, and Copula of the statement: All elephants are pachyderms.
Subject- Elephants
Predicate- pachyderms
Copula- are
How do you change this sentence into a statement: Elephants love to blow bubbles?
All elephants are animals(pachyderms) who love to blow bubbles.
Modus Pollens
P is to Q
P
therefore Q
Modus Tollens
P is to Q
~Q
therefore ~P
What is Modus Pollens doing?
It is affirming the antecedent
What is Modus Tollens doing?
It is denying the consequent
Denying the Antecedent
P is to Q
~P
therefore ~Q
Affirming the Consequent
P is to Q
Q
therefore P
Example of the process of a Contraposition with “All cats are animals.”
(obversion) All cats are not non-animals
(conversion) All non-animals are not cats
(obversion) All non-animals are non-cats <-contraposition
Example of the process of an obversion with “Some flowers are not red.”
some flowers are not RED
some flowers are NOT RED
Example 2 of the process of an obversion with “Some flowers are not non-red things.”
some flowers are not non-red things
some flowers are RED
(Rule I) Fallacy of 4 Terms
there’s more than 3 terms distinguished terms
(Rule I) Fallacy of Equivocation
the use of an ambiguous middle term
(Rule III) Fallacy of Illicit Major
when major term is distributed in conclusion, but not in major premise
(Rule III) Fallacy of Illicit Minor
when minor term is distributed, but not in the minor premise
(Rule IV) Fallacy of Undistributed Middle
when middle term is not distributed in either premise, meaning the premises are insufficient to justify the conclusion
(Rule V) Fallacy of Exclusive Premise
when the arguement is invalid because both of its premises are negative( a.k.a no conclusion follows from 2 negative premises)
(Rule VI) Fallacy of Drawing a Negative Conclusion from an Affirmative Premise
when although the conclusion might be true, it’s not justified by its premises
(Rule VII) Fallacy of Drawing an Affirmative Conclusion from a Negative Premise
Rule #1
must be 3(& only 3) terms
Rule #2
middle term mustn’t occur in the conclusion
Rule #3
if term is distributed in conclusion, then it must be distributed in premise
Rule #4
middle term must be distributed at least once
Rule #5
no conclusion can follow from 2 negative premises
Rule #6
if 2 premises are affirmative, conclusion must also be affirmative
Rule #7
if either premise is negative, conclusion must also be negative
What are the 2 types of compound statements?
Disjunctive
Conjunction
Hypothetical
if P, then Q
Truth value
meaning whether it’s true or false
What are the possible Truths & Falses of a Hypothetical?
P > Q
t T t
t F f
f T t
f T f
What are the possible Truths & Falses of a Conjunction?
P ^ Q
t T t
t F f
f F t
f F f
What are the possible Truths & Falses of a Disjunction?
P V Q
t T t
t T f
f T t
f F f
