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Philosophy II- Logic > Logic Test #2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Logic Test #2 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 Mental Acts?

A

Simple Apprehension
Judgment
Deductive Inference(Composition/Division)

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2
Q

What are the 3 Verbal Expressions?

A

Term
Proposition
Syllogism

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3
Q

What is Logic?

A

The science of right thinking or The act of thinking

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4
Q

Why are terms important?

A

They are good for understanding [arguements]

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5
Q

What does a Logical Form include?

A

Subject, Predicate, & Copula

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6
Q

What do “S, C, P” all express?

A

They are abbreviations for the subject-term, predicate-term, and copula

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7
Q

What does a Proposition include?

A

Subject-term, Predicate-term, & Copula

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8
Q

What is an example of a Proposition?

A

“All men are mortal”
“Socrates is a man”
“Socrates is mortal”

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9
Q

How do we derive a Contraposition?

A

Obvert it, Convert it, Obvert it again = Contraposition

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10
Q

Nominative Predicate?

A

It tells us about the subject

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11
Q

Logical Form

A

form in which a sentence must be in, in order to be handled logically

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12
Q

Proposition

A

a sentence or statement that expresses truth or falsity

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13
Q

Judgment

A

the mental act whose verbal expression is a proposition

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14
Q

Quality

A

(of a proposition) has to do with whether it’s affirmative or negative

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15
Q

Quantity

A

(of a proposition) has to do with whether it’s universal or particular

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16
Q

Contradictory Statements

A

statements that differ in both quality & quantity

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17
Q

Contraries

A

statements that are both universal statements, but differ in quality

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18
Q

Subcontraries

A

statements that are both particular statements, but differ in quantity

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19
Q

Subalterns/Subalternates

A

statements that have the same quality, but differ in quantity

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20
Q

Distribution

A

the status of a term in regard to its extension

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21
Q

Obversion

A

the change in quality and negation of the predicate

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22
Q

What are the 2 Qualities?

A

Affirmative(Affirmo)
Negative(Nego)

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23
Q

What are the 2 Quantities?

A

Universal(singulars)
Particular

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24
Q

Conversion

A

the switch of the subject(S) with the predicate(P)

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25
Q

Particulars

A

a subset of universals- all particulars are derived from universals

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26
Q

Which statements are Contraries?

A

A & E

27
Q

Which statements are Subcontraries

A

I & O

28
Q

Which statements are Subalterns/Subalternates?

A

A with I & E with O

29
Q

Which statements are Contradictories?

A

A with O & E with I

30
Q

What is the form of A statements?

A

All S is P

31
Q

What is the form of E statements?

A

No S is P or All S is not P

32
Q

What is the form of I statements?

A

Some S is P

33
Q

What is the form of O statements?

A

Some S is not P

34
Q

Rule of Contradiction

A

contradictory statements are statements that differ in both quality & quantity

35
Q

Rule of Contraries

A

2 statements that are contrary to one another, if they’re both universals, but differ in quality

36
Q

Rule of Subcontraries

A

2 statements that are subcontrary, if they’re both particular, but differ in quality

37
Q

Rule of Subalterns/Subalternates

A

2 statements that are subalternate, if they have the same quality, but differ in quantity

38
Q

1st Law of Opposition

A

contradictories can’t at the same time be true nor at same time be false

39
Q

2nd Law of Opposition

A

contraries can’t at the same time both be true, but can at the same time both be false

40
Q

3rd Law of Opposition

A

subcontraries may at the same time both be true, but can’t at the same time both be false

41
Q

4th Law of Opposition

A

subalterns may both be true or false. If particular is false, universal is false; If universal is true, then particular is true; otherwise, then status is indeterminate

42
Q

What parts of an A statement are Distributed and Undistributed?

A

Subject-term is DISTRIBUTED
Predicate-term is UNDISTRIBUTED

43
Q

What parts of an I statement are Distributed and Undistributed?

A

Subject-term is UNDISTRIBUTED
Predicate-term is UNDISTRIBUTED

44
Q

What parts of an E statement are Distributed and Undistributed?

A

Subject-term is DISTRIBUTED
Predicate-term is DISTRIBUTED

45
Q

What parts of an O statement are Distributed and Undistributed?

A

Subject-term is UNDISTRIBUTED
Predicate-term is DISTRIBUTED

46
Q

What quality & quantity is an A statement?

A

Affirmative
Universal

47
Q

What quality & quantity is an E statement?

A

Negative
Universal

48
Q

What quality & quantity is an I statement?

A

Affirmative
Particular

49
Q

What quality & quantity is an O statement?

A

Negative
Particular

50
Q

What are the types of Universal statements?

A

Singular, All, and Every

51
Q

What is the chart with the qualities and quantities of all 4 statements called?

A

Square of Opposition

52
Q

What is a Copula?

A

are (not)

53
Q

What are the Mental Acts & Verbal Expressions together called?

A

Acts of the Intellect

54
Q

What is the Subject, Predicate, and Copula of the statement: All elephants are pachyderms.

A

Subject- Elephants
Predicate- pachyderms
Copula- are

55
Q

How do you change this sentence into a statement: Elephants love to blow bubbles?

A

All elephants are animals(pachyderms) who love to blow bubbles.

56
Q

Modus Pollens

A

P is to Q
P
therefore Q

57
Q

Modus Tollens

A

P is to Q
~Q
therefore ~P

58
Q

What is Modus Pollens doing?

A

It is affirming the antecedent

59
Q

What is Modus Tollens doing?

A

It is denying the consequent

60
Q

Denying the Antecedent

A

P is to Q
~P
therefore ~Q

61
Q

Affirming the Consequent

A

P is to Q
Q
therefore P

62
Q

Example of the process of a Contraposition with “All cats are animals.”

A

(obversion) All cats are not non-animals
(conversion) All non-animals are not cats
(obversion) All non-animals are non-cats <-contraposition

63
Q

Example of the process of an obversion with “Some flowers are not red.”

A

some flowers are not RED
some flowers are NOT RED

64
Q

Example 2 of the process of an obversion with “Some flowers are not non-red things.”

A

some flowers are not non-red things
some flowers are RED

Philosophy II- Logic (3 decks)

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