Logic Test #2 Study Guide

Question 1

What are the 3 Mental Acts?

Answer 1

Simple Apprehension
Judgment
Deductive Inference(Composition/Division)

Question 2

What are the 3 Verbal Expressions?

Answer 2

Term
Proposition
Syllogism

Question 3

What is Logic?

Answer 3

The science of right thinking or The act of thinking

Question 4

Why are terms important?

Answer 4

They are good for understanding [arguements]

Question 5

What does a Logical Form include?

Answer 5

Subject, Predicate, & Copula

Question 6

What do “S, C, P” all express?

Answer 6

They are abbreviations for the subject-term, predicate-term, and copula

Question 7

What does a Proposition include?

Answer 7

Subject-term, Predicate-term, & Copula

Question 8

What is an example of a Proposition?

Answer 8

“All men are mortal”
“Socrates is a man”
“Socrates is mortal”

Question 9

How do we derive a Contraposition?

Answer 9

Obvert it, Convert it, Obvert it again = Contraposition

Question 10

Nominative Predicate?

Answer 10

It tells us about the subject

Question 11

Logical Form

Answer 11

form in which a sentence must be in, in order to be handled logically

Question 12

Proposition

Answer 12

a sentence or statement that expresses truth or falsity

Question 13

Judgment

Answer 13

the mental act whose verbal expression is a proposition

Question 14

Quality

Answer 14

(of a proposition) has to do with whether it’s affirmative or negative

Question 15

Quantity

Answer 15

(of a proposition) has to do with whether it’s universal or particular

Question 16

Contradictory Statements

Answer 16

statements that differ in both quality & quantity

Question 17

Contraries

Answer 17

statements that are both universal statements, but differ in quality

Question 18

Subcontraries

Answer 18

statements that are both particular statements, but differ in quantity

Question 19

Subalterns/Subalternates

Answer 19

statements that have the same quality, but differ in quantity

Question 20

Distribution

Answer 20

the status of a term in regard to its extension

Question 21

Obversion

Answer 21

the change in quality and negation of the predicate

Question 22

What are the 2 Qualities?

Answer 22

Affirmative(Affirmo)
Negative(Nego)

Question 23

What are the 2 Quantities?

Answer 23

Universal(singulars)
Particular

Question 24

Conversion

Answer 24

the switch of the subject(S) with the predicate(P)

Question 25

Particulars

Answer 25

a subset of universals- all particulars are derived from universals

Question 26

Which statements are Contraries?

Answer 26

A & E

Question 27

Which statements are Subcontraries

Answer 27

I & O

Question 28

Which statements are Subalterns/Subalternates?

Answer 28

A with I & E with O

Question 29

Which statements are Contradictories?

Answer 29

A with O & E with I

Question 30

What is the form of A statements?

Answer 30

All S is P

Question 31

What is the form of E statements?

Answer 31

No S is P or All S is not P

Question 32

What is the form of I statements?

Answer 32

Some S is P

Question 33

What is the form of O statements?

Answer 33

Some S is not P

Question 34

Rule of Contradiction

Answer 34

contradictory statements are statements that differ in both quality & quantity

Question 35

Rule of Contraries

Answer 35

2 statements that are contrary to one another, if they're both universals, but differ in quality

Question 36

Rule of Subcontraries

Answer 36

2 statements that are subcontrary, if they're both particular, but differ in quality

Question 37

Rule of Subalterns/Subalternates

Answer 37

2 statements that are subalternate, if they have the same quality, but differ in quantity

Question 38

1st Law of Opposition

Answer 38

contradictories can't at the same time be true nor at same time be false

Question 39

2nd Law of Opposition

Answer 39

contraries can't at the same time both be true, but can at the same time both be false

Question 40

3rd Law of Opposition

Answer 40

subcontraries may at the same time both be true, but can't at the same time both be false

Question 41

4th Law of Opposition

Answer 41

subalterns may both be true or false. If particular is false, universal is false; If universal is true, then particular is true; otherwise, then status is indeterminate

Question 42

What parts of an A statement are Distributed and Undistributed?

Answer 42

Subject-term is DISTRIBUTED Predicate-term is UNDISTRIBUTED

Question 43

What parts of an I statement are Distributed and Undistributed?

Answer 43

Subject-term is UNDISTRIBUTED Predicate-term is UNDISTRIBUTED

Question 44

What parts of an E statement are Distributed and Undistributed?

Answer 44

Subject-term is DISTRIBUTED Predicate-term is DISTRIBUTED

Question 45

What parts of an O statement are Distributed and Undistributed?

Answer 45

Subject-term is UNDISTRIBUTED Predicate-term is DISTRIBUTED

Question 46

What quality & quantity is an A statement?

Answer 46

Affirmative Universal

Question 47

What quality & quantity is an E statement?

Answer 47

Negative Universal

Question 48

What quality & quantity is an I statement?

Answer 48

Affirmative Particular

Question 49

What quality & quantity is an O statement?

Answer 49

Negative Particular

Question 50

What are the types of Universal statements?

Answer 50

Singular, All, and Every

Question 51

What is the chart with the qualities and quantities of all 4 statements called?

Answer 51

Square of Opposition

Question 52

What is a Copula?

Answer 52

are (not)

Question 53

What are the Mental Acts & Verbal Expressions together called?

Answer 53

Acts of the Intellect

Question 54

What is the Subject, Predicate, and Copula of the statement: All elephants are pachyderms.

Answer 54

Subject- Elephants Predicate- pachyderms Copula- are

Question 55

How do you change this sentence into a statement: Elephants love to blow bubbles?

Answer 55

All elephants are animals(pachyderms) who love to blow bubbles.

Question 56

Modus Pollens

Answer 56

P is to Q P therefore Q

Question 57

Modus Tollens

Answer 57

P is to Q ~Q therefore ~P

Question 58

What is Modus Pollens doing?

Answer 58

It is affirming the antecedent

Question 59

What is Modus Tollens doing?

Answer 59

It is denying the consequent

Question 60

Denying the Antecedent

Answer 60

P is to Q ~P therefore ~Q

Question 61

Affirming the Consequent

Answer 61

P is to Q Q therefore P

Question 62

Example of the process of a Contraposition with "All cats are animals."

Answer 62

(obversion) All cats are not non-animals (conversion) All non-animals are not cats (obversion) All non-animals are non-cats <-contraposition

Question 63

Example of the process of an obversion with "Some flowers are not red."

Answer 63

some flowers are not RED some flowers are NOT RED

Question 64

Example 2 of the process of an obversion with "Some flowers are not non-red things."

Answer 64

some flowers are not non-red things some flowers are RED