Spring Exam Study Guide 2021 Flashcards
_____ is the reproduction between 2 different organisms
sexual
_____ is one organism reproducing an exact copy of itself
asexual
The ability to produce offspring that are healthy and that survive is known as ______ _____
reproductive success
Since most animals reproduce sexually, they compete with others for the right to reproduce with a possible mate. The attempts by animals to attract mates are called __________
courtship/courting
Name 3 of the 5 of the most common methods animals attract mates _____, _____, _____, _____,_____,
a. dancing
b. calling/vocalizing
c. displaying bright colors
d. fighting other possible mates
e. building a nest
what are the attempts by animals to ensure their offspring’s survival? ______
parenting behavior
Name the 4 parenting behaviors
- teaching their young how to get food and protect themselves
- feed their young
- protect their young
- providing shelter
The two main factors that affect animal growth are ______ and _______
genetic factors and environmental factors
Name 3 beneficial and harmful environmental conditions
beneficial environmental conditions 1. abundance of food 2. pleasant weather (safe habitat) 3. adequate supply of water Harmful Environmental condition 1. severe weather 2. food/water/supply shortages 3. pollution
matter is any substance that ______ and ______
takes up space and has mass
The smallest unit of matter is known as a(n) _____
atom
Matter constantly moves between the living and and nonliving parts of the environment. This is known as ______.
matter cycle
A(n) ______ is made up of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
molecule
______ is the ability to cause change. It comes in many forms.
energy
An organism that uses energy and matter from the environment to make its own food molecules is known as a(n) _____.
producer
An organism that gets energy and matter by eating other organisms is known as a(n) ______.
consumer
An organism that gets energy and matter by breaking down the remains of other organisms that have died is known as a(n) ______.
decomposer
_____ are the process of breaking down molecules and rearranging their atoms to make new molecules and release energy.
chemical reaction
_______ is the process of plants converting carbon dioxide and water to carbon-based food molecules with energy from the sun.
photosynthesis
The carbon-bases food molecules that producers make is called _____.
sugar
Photosynthesis takes place in the _____ of the plant cell.
chloroplast
______ is a process that uses oxygen to release the energy stored in food molecules.
cellular respiration
______ are a complex organization of interdependent parts. It involves the flow of energy and cycling of nonliving resources through a web of producers, consumers and decomposer.
ecosystem
______ is a pathway that energy and nutrients can follow through and ecosystem
food chain
________ are a diagram that shows the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem
food web
______ in a food web diagram show the direction of energy flow.
arrow
_______ is a representation of the energy available at each level of a food web. The bottom level are the producers and it has the most energy. The other levels are consumers.
energy pyramid
Since matter cannot be created or destroyed, organisms depend on ____ ____ to obtain their needed matter
matter cycle
Air and sunlight are examples of ______ factors in an ecosystem
abiotic
members of the same _____ can breed together and produce fertile offspring.
species
living things that depend on other organisms for their food are called _____.
consumers
A(n) ______ is all the organisms living together in a particular place along with their nonliving environment .
ecosystem
All the organisms that live in the same ecosystem interact and depend on each other for survival, which is known as _____.
community
starting with an individual at the top of the pyramid, name the levels of organization of an ecosystem
top: individual organisms species/population community ecosystem
_______ are the remains or traces of once-living organisms
fossils
an organism sealed in sap
amber fossil
an impression of an organism left in sediment and filled with minerals
cast and mold
when an organism gets stuck in tar and dies
tar pit
when an organism is frozen for a long period of time
frozen remains
The activity of an organism is preserved
trace fossils
an organism’s tissues are replaced by minerals from water
premineralized
an organism is quickly buried and flattened by the pressure of sediments built up above it
carbonized
_____ an ordered arrangement of rock layers that is based on the relative ages of the rocks, with the oldest rocks at the bottom
geological colons
The _____ divides Earth’s history into intervals of time defined by major events or changes on Earth
geological time scale
The collection of all known fossils and their placement in order from their placement in order from earliest to most recent is known as ______
fossil record
______ is when all members of a species die out.
extinction
early organisms gave rise to other types of organisms, which gave rise to the ancestor common to another type of organism. To determine how changes occur in nature, scientists look for______
evolutionary relationships
When a large number of organisms die in a short time period, which appear to be caused by large changes to the environment is known as a(n)______
mass extinction
Offspring look similar to their parents because heritable traits are passed down from generation to generation. So their body structures, or ______are similar to each other.
anatomy
The process of biological change by which populations become different from their ancestors over many generations is known as
evolution
______is the idea that all organisms share a common ancestral species from which they evolved at some point in the past
common ancestry
Name 3 evolutionary relationships
a.
b.
c.
a. Similarities in body structures
b. Similarities in DNA
c. Similarities in embryos
The genetic material in cells that contains the information that determines the traits that an organism inherits is known as _______
DNA
Organize DNA from the smallest unit and ending with DNA
Nucleotides
genes
chromosomes
DNA
Name the 4 nucleotides that make up DNA
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Thymine
A protein is an important molecule that is needed to build and repair body structures and to control processes in the body. It is made up of a long chain of ______
Amino Acid
The protein’s ______ is related to its shape
function
A change in the base-pair sequence of a gene is called a(n) ______
mutation
A change in the DNA sequence can be a(n) _____, _____, or _____
addition, substitution, or removal
Traits that help organisms survive and reproduce in their current environment are called ______
adaptations
This beneficial mutation can be a(n) _____, _____, or ______
function, behavior, or structure
_______refers to differences between organisms in a population
alleles
Different forms of the same gene that lead to a difference in physical traits are called ______
phenotypes
he different DNA combinations of a particular gene that lead to different alleles are called ______
genotypes
he distribution of traits in a population can change over time. A population’s current environment determines if any of those traits provide advantages or disadvantages. This is called _______
natural selection
When an environmental change is extreme and rapid, populations may be _______to adapt because the process of natural selection occurs over many generations
less able
A trait that is beneficial for an animal in one ecosystem will always be beneficial in another ecosystem
false
