SPOT/OSPE Revision Flashcards
The accessory (check) ligament arises from which tendon?
Deep digital flexor tendon
Flexor carpi ulnaris has 2 heads originating where?
Ulnar
Humerus
What is the long part of the medial collateral ligament also known as?
Pronator teres
Which is more superficial-external jugular vein or carotid artery?
External jugular vein
The external jugular vein splits cranially into which 2 veins?
Maxillary (laterally) and linguofacial (medially)
Describe the path of the suspensory ligament in the distal equine linb
Originates at the proximal cannon bone (MC), behind the knee (caudally) between the splint bones
It then branches out and attaches to the sesamoids.
From here it wraps around the front of the pastern (proximal and middle phalanxes) and attaches to the coffin bone (DP).
What do the interosseous ligaments connect in the horse?
Connect the cannon bone to each splint bone
What comprises the respiratory membrane?
Alveolar cell basement membrane
Capillary basement membrane
Capillary endothelium
Red blood cell
Which nerve runs with the sympathetic trunk in the neck?
What do they form?
Vagus
Forms the vagosympathetic trunk
The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of what nerve?
As it runs up the neck, what does it loop around on the left?
What about the right?
Vagus
Left- aorta
Right- right subclavian artery
Where does the thoracic duct lie?
Unpaired, lies on the left in the thorax
Is found on the oesophagus cranial to the aorta
Which nerve runs along the vena cava?
Phrenic nerve
Which unpaired vein terminates at the junction of the cranial vena cava and the right atrium?
Azygous vein
Where does the pancreas lie in the chicken?
In the duodenal loop
In a chicken, what is a comb and wattle?
Comb=flap on top of head
Wattle=flap under neck
In a chicken, how long does food remain in the crop for?
Up to 12 hours
In a chicken, what happens in the proventriculus?
Digestive enzymes are added. Physical grinding of food.
In a chicken, what are the two parts of the stomach called?
Proventriculus and gizzard
In a chicken, what happens in the gizzard?
Muscular part of stomach. Uses grit to grind grains and fibre into smaller, more digestible pieces
In chickens, what is the ceca?
A blind sac along the lower intestinal tract where bacteria help break down undigested food. Becomes the large intestine
Out of hay, haylage and silage, which is wettest and which is driest?
Silage is wettest, then haylage, then hay
What is the muscle arrangement within tertiary bronchi?
Spiral arrangement, to enable contraction in both length and diameter during expiration
What do the 2 superficial cervical lymph nodes drain?
Caudal and lateral neck, and a large part of the thoracic limb
The brachial plexus lies ventral to which muscle?
Scaleneus
Which lymph node lies caudally to the brachial plexus?
Axillary lymph node
Which muscle turns the paw inwards?
Pronator quadratus
In the antebrachium, the brachial artery continues into which artery?
Median atery
What does the pronator quadratus muscle do?
What about the supinator?
Pronator quadratus=turns the paw inwards
Supinator=turns the paw outwards
Where does the superficial digital flexor tendon insert?
What about the deep digital flexor tendon?
Proximal border of middle phalanx (digits 2-5)
Tuberosity of distal phalanx (all digits)
How many parathyroid glands are there and where are they situated?
Two glands associated with each thyroid gland
One lies on the surface of the thyroid, and one is embedded towards the caudal pole of the thyroid
Where does the vagus nerve separate from the sympathetic trunk?
At the middle cervical ganglion
What does the thoracic duct drain?
Lymph from the gut into the cranial vena cava
What is the function of lymph?
Drains interstitial fluid, transports dietary lipids, and facilitates immune responses by draining antigens from tissues to lymph nodes and eventually the blood
Where does the greater omentum originate and insert?
What does it cover?
What is between the 2 layers?
What is the only opening in between the layers?
Originates from greater curvature of stomach and extends as far caudally as the bladder, where it then folds back on itself to insert on the greater curvature of the stomach.
Covers the intestines.
Potential space-the Omental Bursa.
The epiploic foramen
The mesoduodenum contains what?
Right lobe of pancreas
What lies in the deep leaf of the greater omentum?
Left lobe of pancreas
At which stage of the oestrus cycle is the cervix:
Firm
Soft
Firm-luteal
Soft-follicular
In a horse, where does ovulation occur?
Ovulation fossa (indentation on ovary)
Where does fertilisation occur?
Ampulla of oviduct
Where is sperm stored in the female tract?
Isthmus
Explain the relationship between the ovarian artery and vein
Counter-current transfer of prostaglandins from uterus to ovary
Why does the equine conceptus need to ‘run around’/migrate in the uterus for 10 days?
To remain spherical
How does the consistency of cervical mucus change with the stage of the oestrus cycle?
Oestrus=more fluid
Luteal=more sticky
Where is semen usually deposited:
Naturally
At AI
Naturally=at exterior opening of cervix
At AI=at interior opening of cervix
What is the function of the amniotic membranes and cavity?
Encloses foetus and provides hydrostatic protection for foetus. Becomes mucoid at end of pregnancy to form lubricant for birth
What vessels does the umbilical cord contain?
One umbilical vein taking blood from placenta to foetus.
Two umbilical arteries taking blood from foetus to placenta.
What does the phrenic nerve innervate?
Diaphragm
What aka the function of the alar ligaments?
What do they attach?
Limit rotation of the head, but allow side to side movements. Connect occipital condyle to axis
What is contained within the tympanic bulla?
What is the large hole in its side? What covers it in life?
The middle ear cavity and its ossicles
This is the external acoustic meatus. The tympanic membrane closes this opening.
Where in the liver is the right renal impression located?
Which species does not have one and why?
Caudate process
Pig, as the kidney does not contact the liver
Which liver lobe is largest in: (out of caudate and papillary)
Ox
Sheep
Ox= caudate lobe Sheep= papillary lobe
What does the falciform ligament attach?
Liver to ventral body wall
What is the round ligament of the liver a remnant of?
What does it do?
Foetal umbilical vein
Divides left lobe of liver into medial and lateral segments
Which liver lobe is lacking in horses?
Papillary
Also, no gallbladder
The gallbladder is always located between which 2 lobes of the liver?
Right lobe and quadrate lobe
What is the function of taenial bands in the large intestine?
Aid in mixing and propulsion
How many taenial bands are present in the horse: Caecum RVC (right ventral colon) LVC LDC (left dorsal colon) RDC Transverse colon Small colon
Caecum- 4 RVC (right ventral colon)- 4 LVC- 4 LDC (left dorsal colon)- 1 RDC- 3 Transverse colon- 2 Small colon- 2
In the pig, the left gastric artery is a branch of what?
Splenic
In ruminants, where are the colon, jejunum, omasum, abomasum and liver located?
Right side of abdomen
