SPOT/OSPE Revision

Question 0

The accessory (check) ligament arises from which tendon?

Answer 0

Deep digital flexor tendon

Question 1

Flexor carpi ulnaris has 2 heads originating where?

Answer 1

Ulnar

Humerus

Question 2

What is the long part of the medial collateral ligament also known as?

Answer 2

Pronator teres

Question 3

Which is more superficial-external jugular vein or carotid artery?

Answer 3

External jugular vein

Question 4

The external jugular vein splits cranially into which 2 veins?

Answer 4

Maxillary (laterally) and linguofacial (medially)

Question 5

Describe the path of the suspensory ligament in the distal equine linb

Answer 5

Originates at the proximal cannon bone (MC), behind the knee (caudally) between the splint bones
It then branches out and attaches to the sesamoids.
From here it wraps around the front of the pastern (proximal and middle phalanxes) and attaches to the coffin bone (DP).

Question 6

What do the interosseous ligaments connect in the horse?

Answer 6

Connect the cannon bone to each splint bone

Question 7

What comprises the respiratory membrane?

Answer 7

Alveolar cell basement membrane
Capillary basement membrane
Capillary endothelium
Red blood cell

Question 8

Which nerve runs with the sympathetic trunk in the neck?

What do they form?

Answer 8

Vagus

Forms the vagosympathetic trunk

Question 9

The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of what nerve?
As it runs up the neck, what does it loop around on the left?
What about the right?

Answer 9

Vagus
Left- aorta
Right- right subclavian artery

Question 10

Where does the thoracic duct lie?

Answer 10

Unpaired, lies on the left in the thorax

Is found on the oesophagus cranial to the aorta

Question 11

Which nerve runs along the vena cava?

Answer 11

Phrenic nerve

Question 12

Which unpaired vein terminates at the junction of the cranial vena cava and the right atrium?

Answer 12

Azygous vein

Question 13

Where does the pancreas lie in the chicken?

Answer 13

In the duodenal loop

Question 14

In a chicken, what is a comb and wattle?

Answer 14

Comb=flap on top of head

Wattle=flap under neck

Question 15

In a chicken, how long does food remain in the crop for?

Answer 15

Up to 12 hours

Question 16

In a chicken, what happens in the proventriculus?

Answer 16

Digestive enzymes are added. Physical grinding of food.

Question 17

In a chicken, what are the two parts of the stomach called?

Answer 17

Proventriculus and gizzard

Question 18

In a chicken, what happens in the gizzard?

Answer 18

Muscular part of stomach. Uses grit to grind grains and fibre into smaller, more digestible pieces

Question 19

In chickens, what is the ceca?

Answer 19

A blind sac along the lower intestinal tract where bacteria help break down undigested food. Becomes the large intestine

Question 20

Out of hay, haylage and silage, which is wettest and which is driest?

Answer 20

Silage is wettest, then haylage, then hay

Question 21

What is the muscle arrangement within tertiary bronchi?

Answer 21

Spiral arrangement, to enable contraction in both length and diameter during expiration

Question 22

What do the 2 superficial cervical lymph nodes drain?

Answer 22

Caudal and lateral neck, and a large part of the thoracic limb

Question 23

The brachial plexus lies ventral to which muscle?

Answer 23

Scaleneus

Question 24

Which lymph node lies caudally to the brachial plexus?

Answer 24

Axillary lymph node

Question 25

Which muscle turns the paw inwards?

Answer 25

Pronator quadratus

Question 26

In the antebrachium, the brachial artery continues into which artery?

Answer 26

Median atery

Question 27

What does the pronator quadratus muscle do? | What about the supinator?

Answer 27

Pronator quadratus=turns the paw inwards | Supinator=turns the paw outwards

Question 28

Where does the superficial digital flexor tendon insert? | What about the deep digital flexor tendon?

Answer 28

Proximal border of middle phalanx (digits 2-5) | Tuberosity of distal phalanx (all digits)

Question 29

How many parathyroid glands are there and where are they situated?

Answer 29

Two glands associated with each thyroid gland | One lies on the surface of the thyroid, and one is embedded towards the caudal pole of the thyroid

Question 30

Where does the vagus nerve separate from the sympathetic trunk?

Answer 30

At the middle cervical ganglion

Question 31

What does the thoracic duct drain?

Answer 31

Lymph from the gut into the cranial vena cava

Question 32

What is the function of lymph?

Answer 32

Drains interstitial fluid, transports dietary lipids, and facilitates immune responses by draining antigens from tissues to lymph nodes and eventually the blood

Question 33

Where does the greater omentum originate and insert? What does it cover? What is between the 2 layers? What is the only opening in between the layers?

Answer 33

Originates from greater curvature of stomach and extends as far caudally as the bladder, where it then folds back on itself to insert on the greater curvature of the stomach. Covers the intestines. Potential space-the Omental Bursa. The epiploic foramen

Question 34

The mesoduodenum contains what?

Answer 34

Right lobe of pancreas

Question 35

What lies in the deep leaf of the greater omentum?

Answer 35

Left lobe of pancreas

Question 36

At which stage of the oestrus cycle is the cervix: Firm Soft

Answer 36

Firm-luteal | Soft-follicular

Question 37

In a horse, where does ovulation occur?

Answer 37

Ovulation fossa (indentation on ovary)

Question 38

Where does fertilisation occur?

Answer 38

Ampulla of oviduct

Question 39

Where is sperm stored in the female tract?

Answer 39

Isthmus

Question 40

Explain the relationship between the ovarian artery and vein

Answer 40

Counter-current transfer of prostaglandins from uterus to ovary

Question 41

Why does the equine conceptus need to 'run around'/migrate in the uterus for 10 days?

Answer 41

To remain spherical

Question 42

How does the consistency of cervical mucus change with the stage of the oestrus cycle?

Answer 42

Oestrus=more fluid | Luteal=more sticky

Question 43

Where is semen usually deposited: Naturally At AI

Answer 43

Naturally=at exterior opening of cervix | At AI=at interior opening of cervix

Question 44

What is the function of the amniotic membranes and cavity?

Answer 44

Encloses foetus and provides hydrostatic protection for foetus. Becomes mucoid at end of pregnancy to form lubricant for birth

Question 45

What vessels does the umbilical cord contain?

Answer 45

One umbilical vein taking blood from placenta to foetus. | Two umbilical arteries taking blood from foetus to placenta.

Question 46

What does the phrenic nerve innervate?

Answer 46

Diaphragm

Question 47

What aka the function of the alar ligaments? | What do they attach?

Answer 47

Limit rotation of the head, but allow side to side movements. Connect occipital condyle to axis

Question 48

What is contained within the tympanic bulla? | What is the large hole in its side? What covers it in life?

Answer 48

The middle ear cavity and its ossicles | This is the external acoustic meatus. The tympanic membrane closes this opening.

Question 49

Where in the liver is the right renal impression located? | Which species does not have one and why?

Answer 49

Caudate process | Pig, as the kidney does not contact the liver

Question 50

Which liver lobe is largest in: (out of caudate and papillary) Ox Sheep

Answer 50

``` Ox= caudate lobe Sheep= papillary lobe ```

Question 51

What does the falciform ligament attach?

Answer 51

Liver to ventral body wall

Question 52

What is the round ligament of the liver a remnant of? | What does it do?

Answer 52

Foetal umbilical vein | Divides left lobe of liver into medial and lateral segments

Question 53

Which liver lobe is lacking in horses?

Answer 53

Papillary | Also, no gallbladder

Question 54

The gallbladder is always located between which 2 lobes of the liver?

Answer 54

Right lobe and quadrate lobe

Question 55

What is the function of taenial bands in the large intestine?

Answer 55

Aid in mixing and propulsion

Question 56

``` How many taenial bands are present in the horse: Caecum RVC (right ventral colon) LVC LDC (left dorsal colon) RDC Transverse colon Small colon ```

Answer 56

``` Caecum- 4 RVC (right ventral colon)- 4 LVC- 4 LDC (left dorsal colon)- 1 RDC- 3 Transverse colon- 2 Small colon- 2 ```

Question 57

In the pig, the left gastric artery is a branch of what?

Answer 57

Splenic

Question 58

In ruminants, where are the colon, jejunum, omasum, abomasum and liver located?

Answer 58

Right side of abdomen