Sports Psychology :)

Question 1

attitudes

Answer 1

what an individual believes, how they feel and act towards an attitude object

aren’t permanent but can be hard to change

Question 2

attitude formation - past experiences

Answer 2

winning matches or titles is enjoyable to leads to a positive attitude - high perception of ability which increases confidence

loosing or getting injured can lead to negative ability - lower self confidence and poor perception of their abilities. they may develop learned helplessness

Question 3

attitude formation - socialisation

Answer 3

an individual wanting to fit in with their peers surrounding them

if its the norm for family and friends to participate in sports then you often conform and join in

Question 4

attitude formation - social learning

Answer 4

imitating the actions of close ones such as peers and teachers
-reinforcement and praise have particularly strong effect

Question 5

attitude formation - media

Answer 5

high - profile role models showing positive attitudes will often rub onto us as we look up to them

Question 6

triadic model - cab

Answer 6

attitude is made up of three components:

1 cognitive - beliefs/thoughts
2 affective - emotions/feelings
3 behavioural - actions/responses

beliefs don’t always correspond with behaviour due to circumstances

Question 7

changing attitudes

Answer 7

• ensuring positive experiences happen
• praise positive attitudes/behaviours
• punish negative attitudes/behaviours
• highlight positive role models

Question 8

persuasive communication

Answer 8

involves significant other or expert encourage change

-need clear message about why you should adapt your mindset

Question 9

cognitive dissonance

Answer 9

creating dissonance by creating unease in performer
- changing a negative attitude component into positive causing individual to challenge their whole attitude and change it

Question 10

weiner’s model

Answer 10

internal external

stable ability task difficulty

unstable effort luck

Question 11

locus of causality

Answer 11

internal - outcome was within the performers control ability or effort

external - outcome under control of environment task difficulty or luck

Question 12

stability dimension

Answer 12

stable - reason for outcome is relatively permanent ability or task difficulty

unstable - changeable either for mins or even weeks luck or effort

Question 13

self serving bias

Answer 13

attributing reasons for success internally to ability and effort

failure is attributed externally to luck

raises self-efficacy and self-esteem which increases participation

Question 14

learned helplessness

Answer 14

performers attribute their failures internally to stable reason (ability) and fail to attribute successes internally

believe no matter what they do or how hard they try, they are destined to fail

• general (relating to all sports)
• specific (either to a sport or a specific skill)

usually occurs when performer has low self confidence due to past failures
withdraw effort and stop participating

Question 15

strategies to avoid learned helplessness

Answer 15

• setting realistic achievable goals
• raise self-efficacy using banduras model
• highlight previous successful performers
• positive reinforcement and encouragement

Question 16

attribution retraining

Answer 16

process of changing performers negative attributions to positive ones

perception of why they failed is altered from being internally-stable to:

• controllable factors (can be changed to create success)
• external factors (not their doing)
• internal factors (can be adapted by them to become better)

success attributed internally to ability

Question 17

self-efficacy

Answer 17

the amount of confidence you have in a specific task, sport or situation
-directly linked to past experiences

Question 18

bandura’s model of self-efficacy

Answer 18

four factors influence level of self-efficacy - coach use to raise levels

1 performance accomplishments (remind of pervious successes)
2 vicarious experiences (show performer with similar characteristics doing skill)
3 verbal persuasion (praise and positive reinforcement should be used)
4 emotional arousal (show how to control arousal levels-cognitive or somatic)

Question 19

fieldler’s contingency model

Answer 19

an interactionist approach where the leader adapts their style to situation

Question 20

fieldler’s two leadership styles

Answer 20

task orientated leader: concerned with achieving goals with pragmatic approach;
direct and authoritarian; used in most and least favourable situations
-cognitive performers-large groups-limited time-dangerous-males-

person orientated leader: focuses on developing harmony and good relationships; open to suggestions in more democratic approach; used moderately favourable situations
-advanced performers-smaller groups-long time frame-females-

Question 21

fieldler’s different situations

Answer 21

most favourable situ - leader in strong position of authority and has respect. members have good relationships and task is clear

moderately favourable situ - leader has some power and respect, some good relationships and parts of the task is clear.

least favourable situ - no power or respect for the leader leading to hospitality. could be fighting within group members and the task is unclear.

Question 22

chelladurai’s model of leadership

Answer 22

to ensure group satisfaction and high performance levels leaders must adapt by considering three factors

once considered the leader must try to balance their style of leadership with them to gain the highest performance and group satisfaction levels

the more the leaders actual behaviour matches (congruence) what the group wants and the situation needs - the better the performance will be