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Individual Differences > Sports Performance > Flashcards

Sports Performance Flashcards

1
Q

Hopkins and Westra 1989

Adolph 1998

A

Opposing Gesel 1954 idea that stages are fixed

28% of Jamaicans missed out crawling
Similar finding in the USA

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2
Q

Dennis 1960

A

ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE
Iranian orphanage infants lay on their backs

Didn’t move until 2yrs old
Only 15% could walk aged 3-4
Delayed development

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3
Q

Back to sleep campaign

A

Kids placed on backs to sleep

Delayed motor development
This is reduced by tummy time during the day

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4
Q

White and held 1966

A

ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE
Institutionalised babies, stimulation and reaching reflex

Low, moderate and lots of stimulation
The moderate group developed best
The high group were overwhelmed and looked away from their stimuli a lot

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5
Q

Venetsanou and kambas 2010

A

ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE

Reviewed environmental factors affecting pre school performance

Mothers education
Socioeconomic class
Number of siblings (younger walk sooner)

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6
Q

Weird norms

A 
Western
Education
Industrialised
Rich
Democratic society

Represent less than 5% of world population

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7
Q

Karasik et al 2015

A

CULTURAL INFLUENCES
babies sitting

Italian babies spent most time in mothers arms
Kenyan and Cameroonian babies spent most time on the floor sitting independently

Kenyan babies could sit for longest

Sitting location is relevant for developing posture and balance.

Lots of variation within and between groups

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8
Q

Adolph et al 2010

A

Reviewed lots of work on cultural influences
Concluded that cultural differences are present.

Studies showed Uganda babies develop faster than USA
Massaging and informal handling improves development- techniques vary a lot in cultures

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9
Q

Drowatsky et al 1967

A

.? General motor ability
There should be a correlation between 2 skills if this is the case…

They found no correlation so it’s unlikely that a general motor ability exists

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10
Q

Henry 1950s

A

Specific motor ability theory

Theorised that abilities were so specific that they would not overlap between tasks and therefore there should be no correlation at al between tasks.

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11
Q

Fleishman 1964

A

Disagreed with Henry- proposed a more general theory

Factor analysis to group abilities

  • perceptual motor abilities
  • physical proficiency

Ability may overlap for similar tasks

Abilities required may change with age and experience

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12
Q

Murray et al 2007

A

Motor milestones in later life…

Asked mothers to say when their children developed various milestones
IQ tests ages 8, 23, 56

increase in IQ at age 8 when early development
Reduces with age

Not likely to affect you later in life unless severely delayed

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13
Q

Diversity

A

Range of scores in a group

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14
Q

Dispersion

A

Range of scores of an individual against their mean

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15
Q

Consistency

A

Variability over time

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16
Q

Gender?

A

Men outperform women in most motor tasks

Women better at sensory discrimination and inverted alphabet

Potentially linked to studies of IQ (men better at mechanical and spatial, whereas women better at language spelling and speed - FEINGOLD 1998)

17
Q

Button et al 2003

A

Skilled performance

Basketball (novice, club and international)

Looking at precision and reliability of movements

Better players were far more consistent and had less variability of all kinds

18
Q

Ericsson et al 1993

A

Deliberate practice leads to expertise

Yes for music, less evidence for sports

19
Q

Williams and gross 1980

A

GENETIC INFLUENCE

twin studies looking at balance tasks

DZ twins we more variable
Environment influences more later on
Genes influence earlier

20
Q

ACE gene

A

Controls constriction and dial action of vessels in muscles

2 alleles 
D and I 
50% population = DI 
DD= strength and power- sprinting etc 
II= endurance and long distance running

Implications for gene doping and selection for sports

21
Q

Athlete vs non Athlete personality traits

A

Increased extraversion and openness

Reduced neuroticism

22
Q

Expert vs novice

A

Increased extraversion, openness and conscientiousness

Reduced neuroticism

23
Q

Aidan and Beckerman 2001

A

Australian sports players
1st team, reserves and novice

1st team and reserve both had reduced neuroticism but the differences were with achievement seeking and self discipline

Ie both were capable of playing at the same level just one had more drive than the other

24
Q

Ice berg profile of athletes

A

Athletes have a peak over vigor and anger of personality traits

Less successful players have a flattened peak

25
Q

Davis 2001

A

Personality is not a strong indication of athletic performance

26
Q

Team players

A

Increased extraversion
Reduced neuroticism

Need motivation from a team to do well… Do less well in individual sports

Also work best with an audience (extraverted players)

27
Q

Individual players

A

Reduced extraversion
Increased conscientiousness

Self motivated
Do not like playing infront of an audience

28
Q

Aidman 2007

A

Australian junior football players

Found very little relationship with performance at the time of the event

7 years later much stronger correlation

29
Q

Allen et al 2011

A

COPING STRATEGY

Emotion focused (increased extraversion, openness and agreeableness)

Avoidance based (reduced openness and increased neuroticism)

30
Q

Martens et al 1990

A

MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANXIETY

cognitive anxiety- negative relationship with performance
Somatic anxiety - inverse au shape relation with performance

31
Q

Fazey and hardy 1988

A

CATASTROPHE MODEL

somatic anxiety is only inverted U When cognitive anxiety is low

… If it is high, performance increases with anxiety to optimum level before sharply falling

32
Q

Hanin

A

INDIVIDUAL ZONE OF OPTIMAL FUNCTIONING (IZOF)

everyone has an optimum level of anxiety that they work best in.

  • high trait anxiety & low self confidence = low IZOF so would need to downplay the stress of the game
  • low trait anxiety and high self confidence = high IZOF so would need pep talk from coach
33
Q

Sorrentino and Shepard 1978

A

Extroverts play best in a team because they seek approval and motivation from others

34
Q

Petellier et al 2001

A

Successful athletes are intrinsically motivated

Dropouts are likely to be amotivated

35
Q

Gesel 1954

A

Motor milestones are phylogenetic. They occur in a set order which is not influenced by the environment.

Individual Differences (3 decks)

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