Sports Performance Flashcards
Hopkins and Westra 1989
Adolph 1998
Opposing Gesel 1954 idea that stages are fixed
28% of Jamaicans missed out crawling
Similar finding in the USA
Dennis 1960
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE
Iranian orphanage infants lay on their backs
Didn’t move until 2yrs old
Only 15% could walk aged 3-4
Delayed development
Back to sleep campaign
Kids placed on backs to sleep
Delayed motor development
This is reduced by tummy time during the day
White and held 1966
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE
Institutionalised babies, stimulation and reaching reflex
Low, moderate and lots of stimulation
The moderate group developed best
The high group were overwhelmed and looked away from their stimuli a lot
Venetsanou and kambas 2010
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE
Reviewed environmental factors affecting pre school performance
Mothers education
Socioeconomic class
Number of siblings (younger walk sooner)
Weird norms
Western Education Industrialised Rich Democratic society
Represent less than 5% of world population
Karasik et al 2015
CULTURAL INFLUENCES
babies sitting
Italian babies spent most time in mothers arms
Kenyan and Cameroonian babies spent most time on the floor sitting independently
Kenyan babies could sit for longest
Sitting location is relevant for developing posture and balance.
Lots of variation within and between groups
Adolph et al 2010
Reviewed lots of work on cultural influences
Concluded that cultural differences are present.
Studies showed Uganda babies develop faster than USA
Massaging and informal handling improves development- techniques vary a lot in cultures
Drowatsky et al 1967
.? General motor ability
There should be a correlation between 2 skills if this is the case…
They found no correlation so it’s unlikely that a general motor ability exists
Henry 1950s
Specific motor ability theory
Theorised that abilities were so specific that they would not overlap between tasks and therefore there should be no correlation at al between tasks.
Fleishman 1964
Disagreed with Henry- proposed a more general theory
Factor analysis to group abilities
- perceptual motor abilities
- physical proficiency
Ability may overlap for similar tasks
Abilities required may change with age and experience
Murray et al 2007
Motor milestones in later life…
Asked mothers to say when their children developed various milestones
IQ tests ages 8, 23, 56
increase in IQ at age 8 when early development
Reduces with age
Not likely to affect you later in life unless severely delayed
Diversity
Range of scores in a group
Dispersion
Range of scores of an individual against their mean
Consistency
Variability over time
Gender?
Men outperform women in most motor tasks
Women better at sensory discrimination and inverted alphabet
Potentially linked to studies of IQ (men better at mechanical and spatial, whereas women better at language spelling and speed - FEINGOLD 1998)
Button et al 2003
Skilled performance
Basketball (novice, club and international)
Looking at precision and reliability of movements
Better players were far more consistent and had less variability of all kinds
Ericsson et al 1993
Deliberate practice leads to expertise
Yes for music, less evidence for sports
Williams and gross 1980
GENETIC INFLUENCE
twin studies looking at balance tasks
DZ twins we more variable
Environment influences more later on
Genes influence earlier
ACE gene
Controls constriction and dial action of vessels in muscles
2 alleles D and I 50% population = DI DD= strength and power- sprinting etc II= endurance and long distance running
Implications for gene doping and selection for sports
Athlete vs non Athlete personality traits
Increased extraversion and openness
Reduced neuroticism
Expert vs novice
Increased extraversion, openness and conscientiousness
Reduced neuroticism
Aidan and Beckerman 2001
Australian sports players
1st team, reserves and novice
1st team and reserve both had reduced neuroticism but the differences were with achievement seeking and self discipline
Ie both were capable of playing at the same level just one had more drive than the other
Ice berg profile of athletes
Athletes have a peak over vigor and anger of personality traits
Less successful players have a flattened peak
Davis 2001
Personality is not a strong indication of athletic performance
Team players
Increased extraversion
Reduced neuroticism
Need motivation from a team to do well… Do less well in individual sports
Also work best with an audience (extraverted players)
Individual players
Reduced extraversion
Increased conscientiousness
Self motivated
Do not like playing infront of an audience
Aidman 2007
Australian junior football players
Found very little relationship with performance at the time of the event
7 years later much stronger correlation
Allen et al 2011
COPING STRATEGY
Emotion focused (increased extraversion, openness and agreeableness)
Avoidance based (reduced openness and increased neuroticism)
Martens et al 1990
MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANXIETY
cognitive anxiety- negative relationship with performance
Somatic anxiety - inverse au shape relation with performance
Fazey and hardy 1988
CATASTROPHE MODEL
somatic anxiety is only inverted U When cognitive anxiety is low
… If it is high, performance increases with anxiety to optimum level before sharply falling
Hanin
INDIVIDUAL ZONE OF OPTIMAL FUNCTIONING (IZOF)
everyone has an optimum level of anxiety that they work best in.
- high trait anxiety & low self confidence = low IZOF so would need to downplay the stress of the game
- low trait anxiety and high self confidence = high IZOF so would need pep talk from coach
Sorrentino and Shepard 1978
Extroverts play best in a team because they seek approval and motivation from others
Petellier et al 2001
Successful athletes are intrinsically motivated
Dropouts are likely to be amotivated
Gesel 1954
Motor milestones are phylogenetic. They occur in a set order which is not influenced by the environment.
