Sports Medicine Flashcards
What is a sprain?
A tear that occurs in the ligament
What is a strain?
A tear that occurs to a muscle
What is a contusion?
Rupture of capillaries causing internal bleeding e.g a bruise
What is an abrasion?
Graze to the uppermost layer of the skin.
What is a fracture?
A break in bone
What are the 3 types of fractures?
Open, closed and complicated
What is the assessor doing in the Observe step in TOTAPS?
- Comparing both limbs
- Checking for: obvious abnormalities, swelling, redness and blood
What is the assessor doing at the Touch step in TOPTAPS?
-Looking to see where pain begins
- Feeling for: abnormalities, heat and swelling
-Moving ACROSS limb
How is the Active Movement step successful in TOPTAPS
Movement is pain free and athlete has full range of movement
How is Passive Movement conducted in TOPTAPS?
Through pulling or pushing the joint as well as moving the joint through its full range of motion.
Why is Passive Movement done in TOPTAPS?
To test the ligaments, tendons and joint stability.
Define Ashtma
An inflammation of the airways limiting airflow both into and out of the lungs
How to reduce risk of asthma?
- Avoid potential triggers
- Ensure suitable warmup
What are signs and symptoms of asthma?
-Tightness in chest
-Difficulty breathing
-Persistent cough
-Increasingly soft wheezing
How do you manage asthma?
USE GP PROVIDED PLAN
-Reassure patient and sit them down
-Give 4 separate puffs of inhaler, 4 puffs every 4 minutes if not improvement
-Due to CAYA, spacer may be required
Define Epilepsy
A group of medical conditions relating to the disruption of normal brain activity, resulting in seizures.
What causes a seizure?
Brain’s cells misfire and generate sudden uncontrolled burst of electrical activity in the brain.
Petit Mal: Brief loss of consciousness
Grand Mal: Convulsions or spasms
How do you reduce risk of epilepsy?
-Be aware of triggers
-Clearly supervise the activity or sport
Signs + Symptoms of epilepsy?
-Temporary memory loss
-Sufferer falls to the ground, rigid
How do you manage epilepsy?
-Clear area around the sufferer
-Do not restrain sufferer or put anything in their mouth
-Protect their head
-Time length
What are overuse injuries caused by?
-High stress loads
-Poor technique
-Ill-fitted equipment
How to reduce risk of overuse injuries in CAYA?
-Do not specialise in 1 sport at a young age
-Plan rest days and limit high repetitions
Signs + Symptoms of overuse injuries?
-Dullness in muscle or joint
-Consistent muscle soreness even after rest
What is thermoregulation?
The maintenance of a stable core body temperature.
Why do CAYA overheat 3-5 times faster than adults?
They have underdeveloped sweat glands. Also have a small body mass to surface area ratio
What must be considered for CAYA during games regarding thermoregulation?
-Appropriate clothing must be worn
-Time of day game is held
-Availability of shade
-Access to fluids
How do you treat hyperthermia?
- Lie person down in a cool place with clustering air
- Remove unnecessary clothing
- Give cool water to drink
- Procure medical aid
How do you treat hypothermia?
1.DRSABCD
2. Lie the person in a warm dry place
3. Avoid wind, sleet, cold and wet grounds
4. Remove wet clothing
5. Warm the athlete with a blanket and head cover
How can CAYA participate safely in resistance training?
- Need qualified supervision
-Age specific instruction - Need a safe training environment
What 3 conditions affect Adult and Aged Athletes?
Heart Conditions, Bone Density/Fractures and Joint Mobility/Flexibility
Who are more likely to suffer from fractures?
People with poor bone density
What 5 factors predispose people for poor bone density?
-Genetics
-Female biology
-Early Menopause
-Small stature
-Inadequate Diet
How should Adult and Aged Athletes manage bone density?
Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables especially those high in Vitamin D, as fractures and bone density are greatly influenced by diet.Resistance training is also beneficial in increasing bone density.
What low intensity sports are available for Adult and Aged Athletes with medical conditions to participate in?
-Golf
-Cycling
-Brisk walks
-Aerobics
What must Adult and Aged Athletes suffering from heart conditions do before and while participating in sport?
- Gain a MEDICAL CLEARANCE (Screening) If required, undergo a stress (cardiovascular) test
- Include proper warm up and cool down
- Never exercise to the point of chest pain or angina
- Exercise with a friend in case of an emergency
What are 3 type of heart conditions?
- High BP
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Angina (chest pain)
What are the 4 dot points under female athletes?
- Eating Disorders
- Iron Deficiency
- Bone Density
- Pregnancy
What processes do eating disorders affect?
- Cellular maintenance
- Repair
- Growth
- Thermoregulation
What causes anaemia?
Menstruation and/or lack of iron in athlet’es diet
What does anaemia cause?
Fatigue
How do you manage anaemia?
Through increased iron intake in diet or through supplements
What is bone density a measure of?
Fraglity or strength of bone
Why is bone density in particular an issue for female athletes?
A drop in oestrogen levels lead to lower mineral counts
Especially if post menopause
What are the effects of pregnancy on an athlete?
- Increase in relaxin
- Gain weight and hence move centre of gravity forward hence more unstable
- Blood volume and haemoglobin levels will increase and hence better oxygen delivery for muscles as well
What are the 4 dot points under Physical Preparation?
- Pre-screening
- Skill and technique
- Physical Preparation
- Warm up, stretching and Cool down
What is pre-screening and what are its benefits?
Pre-screening is a process where the athlete provides a coach or GP with information about their medical history or any medical conditions. It is usually done through a questionnaire.
Benefits include:
* highlight and predispoing factors that may lead to injury
* create personalised interventions to reduce injury
* ensure athletes are fit to play
* discuss goals and aspirations**
What are the 3 main stages of a pre-screening questionnaire?
- Health Conditions
- Medication
- Baseline Levels
What are the 5 health related fitness components?
- Cardiorespiratory Endurance
- Muscular Strength
- Muscular Endurance
- Flexibilty
- Body Composition
What are the 6 skill related components of physical fitness?
- Power
- Speed
- Agility
- Coordination
- Balance
- Reaction Time
What are the 5 dot points under Sports Policy?
- Rules of sport and activities
- Modified rules ofchildren
- Matching of opponents
- Use of protective equipment
- Safe grounds, facilities amd sport equipment
What are the different ways by which you can match opponents?
- Age
- Size
- Skill Level
- Sex
What is convection and how can it be achieved?
Heat removed by air or water passing over the body.
It can be achieved through placing the athlete in front of a fan or puring water over their skin.
What is Radiation and how it it achieved?
Radiation is the transfer of internal energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. It can be acahieved by exposing skin to reduce heat
What is conduction and how is it achieved?
Conduction is the transfer of heat between two object where heat will always transfer to the cooler object from the warmer one.
Can be achieved by lying down on a cool surface such as a rock or wearing an ice vest
Heat or Cold first?
Cold for the first 72 hours
Why do we use cold?
To slow down the inflamatory response and reduce swelling at the site
Why do we use heat?
To increase blood flow and remove the build up of waste products.
Blood flow allows the delivery of fresh nutrients to the site, reduces development of scar tissue and relaxes muscles which otherwise may be sore or tight.
When can heat NOT BE used?
Before 72 hours of the intial injury and for any acute injuries.
What are the benefits of using heat?
- increased blood flow (delivery of nutrients and WBCs while removing waste product
- decreased pain
- increased flexibility (increasing the elasticity of fibres, especially new ones)
- decreased joint stiffness (sends fluid to the joint)
- increased tissue repair (by increasing blood flow)
What is the technical term for the use of cold?
Cryotherapy
Define Skill
The level to which an athlete can peform a practical movement
Define Technique
The biomechanics of the athlete performing the physical action
What is a warm-up used for?
To prepare the body for physical activity. It increases your heart rate and therefore your blood flow so more oxygen reaches your muscles.
What is Stretching used for?
Increases athlete’s flexibility preventing injury promotes and wellbeing. It reduces the risk of overuse injuries improves the range of performance.
What is a Cool-Down used for?
To bring the body back to a pre-metabolic state.
What are the 6 climate conditions?
- Temperature- Hot AND Cold
- Humidity
- Rain
- Wind
- Altitude
- Pollution
How do you combat heat?
- Thermoregualtion tactics
- Wearing light and loose clothing
- Do physical activity in cooler times of the day
How do you combat Cold?
Wear long sleeves or warm clothes siuch as snow jackets and pants
What is humidity?
Water concentration in the atmosphere. The more concentrated or humid the climatic conditions, the less effective sweat and evaporation is at removing heat
How do you combat Humidity?
Availability of cool water and ice, particulary and ice vest
What does Rain do?
Increases the heat lost through convection as water moves across the surface of the skin. This is particulary dangerous if it occurs in cold and/or windy climatic conditions. It also makes grounds slippery
E.g. In cricket rain causes slippery grounds making it harder for bowlers to bowl. Additionally, fielding becomes more difficult and dangerous as the risk of injury increases.
How do you restrict effects of Rain?
- Wear a rain jacket
- Increase fluid consumption and wear modify clothing to reduce effect of both humidity and rain
What does Wind do?
- Increase the loss of heat through convection, higher risk of hypothermia
- Affect the movement of equipment such as balls, causing injury
How do you deal with Wind?
- Wear appropriate warm clothing and reduce contact
How does Altitude affect athletes?
- There are different oxygen concentrations in the air at varying altitudes
- Greater levels of radiation, increasing risk of sunburn and hence sunstroke
What is Pollution?
The contamination of either the air or the greater environment
Guidelines for fluid intake PRIOR to exercise
General reccomendations are consuming 2L of water a day :)
- 500mL of water or sports drink 4 hours before exercise
- 300mL of water 10-15 minutes prior to exercise
- Small amounts of salt may also be beneficial for reducing fluid loss
Guidelines for fluid intake DURING exercise
- 150mL of water every 15-20 mins if game is less than 60min
- 150mL of sports drink every 15-20 mins if exercise is longer than 60 mins
- DO NOT CONSUME more tha 1L per hour of exercise- leads risk to performance
What is another name for excess fluid?
Hyponatremia.
It is a condition where sodium levels are below suffcient levels due to increased fluid retention.
What does hyponatremia do?
Decreaes performance and causes nausea,vomitting, headaches and swelling
Guidelines for AFTER performance
- Fluid lost should be replaced witin 2 hours of exercise
- 1.5L of fluid should be consumed for every kg of weight lost
What is Acclimatisation?
When an athlete adjusts to a change in environment allowing them to maintain performance in their new environmental conditions.
What is osteoporosis?
Bone disease that develops when bone mineral density and bone mass decreases
What is osteoarthiritis?
The cartilage within the joint breaks down causing pain or stiffness
What is Rheumatoid Arthiritis?
Inflamation of the joints, causing painful deformity and immobility
What should AAAA with poor flexibility do to start with?
Begin at a low level and gradually increase their activity
What are the 2 types of taping?
1.Preventative Taping
2.Taping for isolation of injury
What are the benefits of preventative taping?
Used in sports that require explosive movements e.g basketball
Support or prevent the joint from exceeding its normal range of motion during a movement
What are the benefits of Taping for Isolation of Injury?
Does this by limiting range of motion compressess soft tissue to reduce inflamtion
Reduces pain during exercise and prevents further injury
What dot points fall under Rehabilitation Procedures?
- Progressive Mobilsation
- Graduated Exercise (stretching, conditioning, total body fitness)
- Training
- Use of Heat and Cold
What is the aim of Progressive Mobilisation?
To encourage painless movement of the injured site and to reduce the development of scar tissue.
What does Conditioning do?
They require specificity
Increases the size and endurance of a muscle reducing the chance of reversibility
What should be done before Conditioning?
Athletes should perform gentle stregthening exercises. All should be performed without pain
What does Total Body Fitness involve the use of?
Progressive Overload Principle application to muscle groups and energy systems being used
What adaptions does TBF require before play?
There are 5
- Muscle hypertrophy
- Strenghtening of the tendons/ligaments
- Improvement to the blood flow around the area
- Greater joint mobility
- Confidence in movement, balance and coordination
What does training rehabilitation aim to do?
- Develop sport specific fitness components
- Develop sport specific skills
- Increase confidence
- Safely return athlete to play
What does it mean to have good technique?
To produce more power and greater accuracy with less effort
What does Taping and Bandaging do?
- Manage and prevent injury
- Isolate injury through limited mobilisation and support of bone or joint
- For immediate treatment of injury e.g compression bandaging to control bleeding and swelling from trauma
How is Taping beneficial?
It increases blood flow and decreases swelling hence reducing pain. It also supports muscles and joints by taking some effort off the injury. It also helps gain confidence
